臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，非類固醇消炎藥 (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) 等新興污染物所造成的污染逐漸受到重視，而醫院廢水已被證實為河川及其他水體中藥物可能的主要來源之一。目前仍缺乏一種理想的方法能有效處理醫院廢水裡所含之所有藥物，主因是這些藥物種類太多，其物化及生物性質太複雜，故難以單一種處理機制去除全部藥物。本研究嘗試以電化學混凝浮除法處理含有使用量較多之非類固醇消炎藥─乙醯氨酚 (Acetaminophen)、雙氯芬酸 (Diclofenac)、布洛芬 (Ibuprofen)、酮洛芬 (Ketoprofen)、萘普生 (Naproxen) 之水樣，並就藥物種類特性、溶液的初始酸度、電流負荷量，並額外添加界面活性劑作為捕集劑及起泡劑，以提高藥物吸附量及浮除機制的去除效率等方面進行系統性探討，最後再處理另外嵌入非類固醇消炎藥之實廠廢水，以模擬非類固醇消炎藥在實廠廢水基質下之處理效果。研究結果顯示，在電化學混凝浮除過程中加入陽離子型界面活性劑─溴化十六烷三甲基銨 (Cethyltrimethylam monium bromide, CTAB) 可有效去除疏水性之非類固醇消炎藥 (如雙氯芬酸、布洛芬、酮洛芬、萘普生)，而乙醯氨酚由於其親水性較高而無法被去除。陽離子型界面活性劑 (CTAB) 的理想添加濃度應與藥物初始濃度總和相同才會達到較佳的去除效果，此外，表面張力也會影響藥物的去除效果。未添加陽離子型界面活性劑 (CTAB) 時，在低電流負荷量下，以雙氯芬酸、酮洛芬及萘普生的去除效果較佳，推論此時反應以電混凝沉澱為主要去除機制；反之，在高電流負荷量下，以目標藥物中表面張力最小的布洛芬有較好的去除情形，此一結果指出反應可能以浮除為主要去除機制。當加入陽離子型界面活性劑 (CTAB) 後，電流密度越高，藥物的去除率越好，此時反應以浮除去除為主。而在實廠廢水處理實驗結果顯示，在醫院廢水中的有機雜質可能減少非類固醇消炎藥的去除效果。

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have recently been recognized as emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. Due to the large variety of pharmaceutical compounds are used for medical purposes in hospitals, significant concentration of these compounds can be found in hospital wastewaters. However, conventional process in sewage treatment plants have been reported to be an ineffective barrier to these substances because of their complicated properties. In order to develope an promising way to remove the NSAIDs from sewage, a physico-chemical process, electrocoagulation-flotation has been assessed for enhancing the removal of some selected pharmaceuticals- acetaminophen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen present in sewage. Cationic surfactant- cethyltrimethylam monium bromide (CTAB) was added during ECF process as a colloctor and frother, to improve drug adsorption and removal efficiency of flotation mechanism. The effect of initial pH, current density and operating time on the process were investigated. Moreover the real hospital wastewater spiked sample was also conducted to modify the real condition.
The results show that NSAIDs can be effectively removed by ECF process with addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), but acetaminophen, can not due to it’s high hydrophilic nature. The optimum concentration of CTAB should be equal to the sum of the initial concentration of NSAIDs. Furthermore, the surface tension influenced on the NSAIDs removal. Without the addition of CTAB, at low current intensity, diclofenac, ketoprofen and naproxen had better removal, presumably because the electrocoagulation was the main removal mechanism. On the contrary, at high current intensity, ibuprofen which has the smallest surface tension of the target pharmaceuticals had maximum removal, and this result implied the flotation was the main mechanism. The increase of current intensity leads to the increase of NSAIDs removal with the addition of CTAB and this result reveled the flotation was the main mechanism after the addition of CTAB. Finially, the result of spiked wastewater experiments suggested that the organic impurities in hospital wastewater may lead to the decrease of NSAIDs removal.

致謝 V
摘要 VI
ABSTRACT VII
目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
圖目錄 XII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 3
2.1 醫院廢水 3
2.1.1 醫院廢水的特性 5
2.1.2 醫院廢水對人體健康及環境生態的影響 12
2.2 醫院廢水處理技術 18
2.3 電化學混凝浮除法 24
2.3.1 電化學混凝浮除法原理 25
2.3.2 影響電混凝浮除法效果之主要參數 29
2.3.3 電化學混凝浮除法在藥物去除上之應用 32
2.4 界面活性劑之特性 34
2.4.1 界面活性劑之基本性質 34
第三章 研究方法及進行步驟 37
3.1 整體研究架構 37
3.1.1 背景實驗條件選擇 38
3.1.2 藥物種類實驗 39
3.1.3 界面活性劑添加實驗 40
3.1.4 表面張力分析 41
3.1.5 電流負荷實驗 42
3.1.6 初始酸度實驗 44
3.1.7 模擬實廠廢水處理實驗 45
3.2 實驗材料與分析方法 46
3.2.1 實驗材料 46
3.2.2 分析方法 51
3.2.3 品質管制 53
第四章 結果與討論 54
4.1 藥物種類實驗結果 54
4.1.1 單一藥物種類去除結果 54
4.1.2 混合藥物去除結果 55
4.2 界面活性劑添加實驗 57
4.2.1 界面活性劑濃度對電化學混凝浮除法去除單一藥物結果 57
4.2.2 界面活性劑濃度對電化學混凝浮除法去除混合藥物結果 58
4.2.3 界面活性劑影響電化學混凝浮除法去除藥物原因 61
4.2.4 小結 68
4.3 電流負荷實驗 69
4.3.1 電流負荷對電化學混凝浮除法去除藥物結果 69
4.3.2 合併界面活性劑及電流負荷共同影響結果 71
4.3.3 電流負荷影響電化學混凝浮除法去除藥物原因 73
4.3.4 小結 74
4.4 初始酸度實驗 75
4.4.1 初始酸度對電化學混凝浮除法去除藥物結果 75
4.4.2 初始酸度影響電化學混凝浮除去除藥物之原因 77
4.5 實廠廢水處理實驗 78
4.5.1 合併界面活性劑及電流負荷去除藥物結果 78
4.5.2 小結 82
第五章 結論與建議 83
5.1 結論 83
5.2 建議 85
第六章 參考文獻 86

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