臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
對伊斯蘭世界不了解的人對伊斯蘭文化原本就存在著一定程度的刻板印象與偏見。長久以來人們已經習慣用西方觀點看待世界，因此也不可避免地以同樣的眼光來看待伊斯蘭文化。加上伊斯蘭世界之間的長期抗爭也更加深人們對該文化的偏見。在實際到伊斯蘭世界深度研究的十五年中，以台灣人的立場，試圖以客觀的角度來觀察並了解他們在歷史上逐漸積累下來的生活方式以及從這些生活方式所衍生出來社會規範。
本研究主要研究範圍分兩類 - 以阿拉伯聯合大公國為首的阿拉伯文化以及以伊朗為波斯文化。又以兩個國家內的城市杜拜以及德黑蘭的文化現象來探索現實中在伊斯蘭世界的阿拉伯聯合大公國與伊朗。以一個台灣人在伊斯蘭旅遊及貿易經驗中所體驗到的真實情況來比較兩種不同伊斯蘭文化的虛實以及文化對現實的影響。
使用質性研究來分析伊朗與阿拉伯聯合大公國這兩個國家在文化上，對遊客所帶來的真實性為何? 以及遊客在經過這一趟異國之旅後，所得到的真實感受與文化衝擊又為何? 希望能根據此次的研究，為伊斯蘭世界解開神秘面紗，並將相關經驗提供給旅人或旅遊業相關抑或是有到該地經商意願的人們。
關鍵字：伊斯蘭世界、真實性、質性研究、阿拉伯聯合大公國、伊朗

ABSTRACT
Partial and misunderstanding of the Islamic cultures caused certain bias and stereotypes deeply embedded in people’s mind. People tend to use the western point of view to evaluate the world of others, so as their coming into the Islamic culture circle. Due to the consistent fights within Islamic regions the feeling has been exaggerated. Engaging in deep research in the Islamic world for 15 years, as a Taiwanese, I try to conduct an inter subjective perspective to observe their way of living and the social norms that have been set up through history.
The research scope encompasses two types of the Islamic cultures for sake of comparison: United Arab Emirates for the Arabian culture and Iran for the Persian culture. Within the two nations, I especially search the data of cultural phenomena coded in the cities milieu, Dubai and Tehran, as examples. In frame of my own travel and business experiences, I try to compare the types of authenticities also between the two different Islamic cultures and hence the influence of culture to authenticity.
Using Qualitative Research Method to analyze authenticity, the experiences in Iran and United Arab Emirates has uncovered tourists authenticity and cultural impact the tourists have brought through their exotic trips, also in the hope that basing on the research I can unveil more or less the “secret” of Islamic world; moreover, share the experiences to tourists or people who want to have business there in the tourism field.
Keyword：Islamic world, Authenticity, Qualitative Research, U.A.E, Iran

目錄
誌謝 i
摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iv
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 xiv
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究動機與背景 1
第二節　研究目的 3
第三節　研究範圍 4
第四節　研究限制 5
第二章　文獻探討 7
第一節　真實性是原真的或從原真的客觀真實性 7
第二節　真實性是指主觀真實感的存在價值 10
第三節　真實性世界是互動媒介的結果 16
第三章　研究設計與實施 21
第一節　研究流程 21
第二節　研究架構 22
第三節　研究方法 23
第四章　觀察結果與比較 106
第一節　文化個性比較 106
第二節　文化元素比較 114
第三節　文化消費比較 126
第四節　觀察結果與分析 149
第五章　結論與建議 153
參考文獻 160
壹、中文部份 160
貳、英文部份 162

參考文獻
壹、中文部份
江昱仁、黃景吟、謝文凱(2005)，蘭嶼原住民對觀光發展衝擊認知與態度之研究，第七屆休閒遊憩觀光學術研討會論文集-生態旅遊篇，台中市：中華民國戶外遊憩學會，頁98-112。
江麗美譯（2003），媒體操控，台北：麥田出版社。（原著：Chomsky, N. (2002). Media Control : the spectacular achievements of propaganda 2nd ed. New York: Seven Stories Press.）。
江麗美譯(2003)，媒體操控—宣傳的驚人成就，台北:麥田出版社。
李怡萱(2012)，探索永續性與真實性的矛盾—生態旅遊的啟示，逢甲大學碩士論文。


李富美、顏妙桂(2004)，文化的邂逅—台灣蘭嶼島文化觀光問題初探，原住民教育期刊，第35期，頁29-55。
汪雨菁(2008)，杜拜-阿布達比，台北：畢刻出版。
林宗宏譯(1999)，語言與責任：喬姆斯基與侯納的對談(1999)。台北：書林出版有限公司。
林婉美(2014)，走入大絲路波斯段，台北：天下雜誌。
邱如美(譯)(2008)，體驗真實(原作者:Pine, B. J. II：掌握顧客的真正渴望，台北：天下雜誌。
邱如美譯(2008)，體驗真實：掌握顧客的真正渴望，台北：天下雜誌。
宮崎正勝(2008)，中東與伊斯蘭世界史圖解，台北：商周出版社。
陸謹、張立明(2011)，伊朗：東西方文明的匯合點。香港：香港城市大學出版社。
葉浩(譯)(2007)，觀光客的凝視(原作者:John, U.)，書林出版有限公司。
寧春岩等譯(2006)，《喬姆斯基語言學文集》(Languageand mind ,1971 ;New horizons in the study of language and mind,2000)，長沙：湖南教育出版社。
劉必權(2009)，阿拉伯聯合大公國。台北：川流出版。
 
貳、英文部份
Adams, K. M. (1984). Come to Tana Toraja. “land of the heavenly kings”:Travel agents as brokers in ethnicity. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3), p.p469-485.
Banks, M. (2012). “True to Life: Authenticity and the Photographic Image. ” In Thomas Fillitz and Jamie.
Bruner, E. M. (1991). Transformation of self in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(2), 238-250.
Bruner, E. M. (1994). “Abraham Lincoln as Authentic Reproduction: A Critique of Postmodernism.”American Anthropologist 96(2), p.p397-415.
Bruner, E. M. (2005). Culture on Tour: Ethnographies of Travel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cohen, E. (1979). Rethinking the sociology of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(2), 18-25.
Cohen, E. (1988). Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research (15), p.p371-386.
Cohen, E. (1995). In change in tourism: People, places processes. In R. Butler &; D. Pearce (Eds.), Contemporary tourism trends and challenges: Sustainable authenticity or contrived postmodernity? London: Routledge.
Cole, S. (2007). Beyond Authenticity and Commodification. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(4), 913-960.
Culler, J. (1981). Semiotics of Tourism. American Journal of Semiotics. 1(1),p.p127-140.
Dimitrios Theodossopoulos. (2013). Laying Claim to Authenticity: Five Anthropological Dilemmas. Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 86,No. 2, p.p 337-360.
Duncan, J. S. (1978). In Humanistic Geography. In D. Ley &; M. S. Samuels (Eds.). The social construction of unreality: An interactionist approach to the tourist’s cognition of environment, p.p 269-282. Chicago:Maaroufa Press.
Gilmobe GC (1995). Stimulus encoding in Alzheimer’s disease: A multichannel view. In Allen P and Bashore A (Eds), Age Differences in Word and Language Processing. Amsterdam:Elsevier Science.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Golomb. J. (1995). In search of authenticity. London: Routledge.
Greenwood, D. (1978). Culture by the Pound : An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. In Host and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, V. Smith, ed., p.p129-138. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Hegel, G. (1977). Phenomenology of spirit. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and time. Albany:State University of New York Press.
Hobsbawm, E. (1983). “Introduction: Inventing Traditions. ”In Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds. The Invention of Tradition, 1-14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dutton, J. E. 2003. Energize your workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hobsbawm, E. (1983). “Introduction: Inventing Traditions.” In Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds. The Invention of Tradition, 1-14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dutton, J. E. 2003. Energize your workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Jona Lendering (2014). Iran Chamber Society. History of Iran. http://www.iranchamber.com/history/susa/susa.php.
Kant, I. (1929). Critique of pure reason. New York: Macmillan.
Kierkegaard, S. (1985). Fear and trembling. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Laxson, J. D. (1991). How “we”see“ them”:Tourism and native Americans. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(3)，p.p365-391.
MacCannell. (1973). Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American Journal of Sociology,79(3), p.p589-603.
McLaren, D. (1988). Rethinking Tourism and Ecotravel: The Paving of Paradise and What You Can do to Stop it. West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
Miller, D. (2010). Stuff. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Miller, D., ed. (2005). Materiality. Durham: Duke University Press.
Nehemas, A. (1999). Virtues of authenticity: Essays on plato and Socrates, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Pine, B. Joseph and H. Gilmore, 1998, The Experience Economy, Harvard Business School Press.
Pine, B.J.,&; Gilmore, J. H. (1999) .The Experience Economy. Perseus Distribution Services.
Reisinger, Y., &; Steiner, C. (2005). Reconceptualising object authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), p.p65-86.
Rousseau, J. J. (1979). Emile or on education, Alan Bloom. New York: Basic Books.
Rudkin, B., &; Hall, C. M. (1996). Unable to see the forest for the trees: Ecotourism development in the Solomon Islands. In R. Butler, &; T.Hinch, (Eds.), ourism and indigenous peoples, London: International Thomson Business Press.
Sartre, J. P. (1992). Being and nothingness. New York:Sinmon and Schuster.
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism management, 20(2), p.p245-249.
Silver, I. (1993). Marketing authenticity in Third World Countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(2), p.p302-318.
Stephen, W., &; John, N. (2009). Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Taylor, J. (2001). Authenticity and Sincerity in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 28:7-26.
Thomlinson &; Getz. (1996). The question of scale in ecotourism: Case study of two small ecotour operators in the Mundo Mayaregion of Central America. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4, p.p183-200.
Trilling, L. (1972). Sincerity and Authenticity. London: Oxford University Press.
Wang, Hao, Hsi-Ju Chen (2013). Intermediary Authenticity of Production and Consumption in the Space-Time Cross-Domain: The Performance of Western Modern Music in the Taiwanese Market. Consuming Culture Theory Conference 2013/06/13-16. University of Arizona, Tucson.
Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience﹝J﹞. Annals of Tourism Research. 1999, 26 (2), p.p349-370.
Weaver, D &; Oppermann, M. (200). Tourism Management, Australia: John Wiley and Sons Inc.