臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

發展 RFID 的應用已經形成一股風潮，無論是學術界或產業界都在尋求更多的應用方案，這類的應用將大大改變我們的日常生活。然而，RFID 電子標籤被廣泛應用在各種產品，如果沒有適當的安全機制，任何未經授權的讀取器都有可能存取 RFID 電子標籤內的資料，消費者將有疑慮是否其購買嵌有 RFID 電子標籤的物品有可能讓自己的隱私受到威脅。RFID 安全研究是很值得投入的議題，唯有消除人們的對於隱私問題的疑慮，RFID 的應用才有機會推廣普及。

在這個研究中，探討 RFID 於存取控制及商業的應用，釐清各種應用所需達到的安全條件，設計安全的協定。提出的 RFID 存取控制協定，在存取電子標籤時進行適當的驗證機制，讀取器與 RFID 電子標籤先完成相互驗證，才能存取資料，且必須防止透過蒐集通訊過程的資訊而取得 RFID 電子標籤持有者的行蹤。存取控制是 RFID 安全運作的基礎，在這個研究更進一步探討相關的延伸應用，像是在醫院的環境，住院病歷結合 RFID 電子標籤可發展出限制不同醫師角色而有不同的存取權限，且增加開立處方的證據保存於 RFID 電子標籤可確保病人的權益。另一個應用環境是基植於無線網狀網路的隨選視訊服務，納入 RFID 做為身分驗證及授權存取是非常合宜的，而且也在設計中強化了使用者隱私的保障。

In recent years, RFID technology is becoming widespread in everyday life and expected to play an important role in the future ubiquitous computing. RFID systems have many applications but may bring up some privacy threats. The personal privacy may be compromised by tracing tagged items and collect data without line of sight. The researches of RFID security are deserved to develop for preventing the impacts on RFID system applications.

In the proposed RFID access control system, not only the authentication mechanism but also the access right authorization mechanism is designed in our scheme. The strategy of indefinite-index is used to protect the tag’s location privacy. Without passing the tag’s authentication, the tag will not allow its content to be read/written. In the proposed tamper resistance prescription RFID access control protocol for different authorized readers, some related information of patient’s prescription is attached to a RFID tag for tamper resistance. The patients’ rights will be guaranteed. In the proposed conditional access mechanism for ubiquitous VoD services based on wireless mesh networks, the user’s privacy and anonymity can be guaranteed. Only the paid subscribers can play videos.

摘要…………………………………………i
Abstract…………………………………………ii
Table of Contents……………………………………iii
List of Tables…………………………………………vi
List of Figures…………………………………………vii
Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………1
1.1. Basic RFID tags…………………………………………3
1.1.1. Killing and sleeping…………………………………3
1.1.2. Renaming approach………………………………………5
1.1.2.1. Relabeling……………………………………… 5
1.1.2.2. Re-encryption ……………………………………7
1.1.3. Distance measurement……………………………………8
1.1.4. Blocking & soft blocking ………………………………9
1.2. Symmetric-key tags…………………………………………10
1.2.1. Non-indexed key-search approach………………………………12
1.2.2. Indexed key-search approach……………………………………14
1.2.2.1. Weis's hash-based access control scheme……………14
1.2.2.2. Chien’s hash-based access control scheme…………16
1.2.3. Synchronization approach………………………………………18
1.2.3.1. Henrici & Muller’s hash-based ID variation scheme …19
1.2.3.2. LCAP scheme …………………………………………20
1.2.4. Tree-based approach…………………………………………22
1.2.4.1. Dimitriou’s tree-based tag identification scheme …………………23
1.2.4.2. Wang et al.’s tree-based authentication scheme …………………24
1.3. Summary…………………………………………26
Chapter 2. The Design of RFID Access Control Protocol using the Strategy of Indefinite-Index and Challenge-Response…………………………………………28
2.1. Preliminary…………………………………………28
2.1.1. Weis's hash-based access control scheme…………………29
2.1.2. Weis's randomized access control scheme…………………30
2.1.3. Chien’s hash-based access control scheme………………32
2.1.4. Disadvantages of previous researches…………………………33
2.2. Our scheme …………………………………………35
2.3. Analysis …………………………………………41
2.4. Summary…………………………………………46
Chapter 3. A Design of Tamper Resistant Prescription RFID Access Control System……………………………………………………………………48
3.1. Preliminary………………………………………………………48
3.2. Our scheme………………………………………………………49
3.2.1. The authentication phase……………………………………51
3.2.2. The access control phase……………………………………54
3.3. Analysis………………………………………………………58
3.4. Summary………………………………………………………63
Chapter 4. The Design of Conditional Access Mechanism for Ubiquitous VoD Services……………………64
4.1. Preliminary………………………………………………………64
4.2. Our scheme………………………………………………………68
4.2.1. Initial phase…………………………………………………70
4.2.2. Authentication phase ………………………………………71
4.2.3. VoD playing phase……………………………………………76
4.3. Analysis………………………………………………………81
4.4. Summary………………………………………………………86
Chapter 5. Conclusions………………………………………………87
Bibliography………………………………………………………89

List of Tables
Table 1. The challenge and response messages in those proposed schemes ................................. 34
Table 2. The comparison of time complexity .................................................. 47
Table 3. The time complexity of our scheme ....... 86

List of Figures
Figure 1. The product life cycle....................2
Figure 2. The state changing of the tag in killing approach ...........................................4
Figure 3. The state changing of the tag in sleeping approach .......................................... 4
Figure 4. Sarma’s idea for erasing the tag’s unique identifier ........................................ 6
Figure 5. Inoue’s double mode tag ..................7
Figure 6. Kinosita’s approach to rewrite the tag....7
Figure 7. Juels & Pappu’s re-encryption approach... 8
Figure 8. Fishkin’s approach .......................9
Figure 9. Blocking approach ...........................10
Figure 10. Forward vs. backward channels ..............11
Figure 11. Weis’s randomized access control scheme ....13
Figure 12. The attack on Weis’s randomized access control scheme ................................................14
Figure 13. Weis’s hash-based access control scheme ....15
Figure 14. The attack on Weis’s hash-based access control scheme ............................................... 16
Figure 15. Chien’s hash-based access control scheme ...17
Figure 16. The attack on Chien’s hash-based access control scheme ....................................... 18
Figure 17. Henrici & Muller’s hash-based ID variation scheme.................................................19
Figure 18. The attack on Henrici & Muller’s hash-based ID variation scheme ......................................20
Figure 19. LCAP scheme................................ 21
Figure 20. The attack on LCAP......................... 22
Figure 21. A binary key tree with eight tags.......... 23
Figure 22. Dimitriou’s tree-based tag identification scheme................................................ 24
Figure 23. A sparse binary tree of three levels .......25
Figure 24. Wang et al.’s tree-based authentication scheme ...................................................... 26
Figure 25. Weis et al.’s hash-based access control scheme ...................................................... 29
Figure 26. Weis’s randomized access control scheme.....31
Figure 27. Chien’s hash-based access control scheme .. 32
Figure 28. Forward vs. backward channels ..............34
Figure 29. Our protocol ...............................36
Figure 30. The authentication phase of our protocol....51
Figure 31. The access control phase of our protocol .. 55
Figure 32. The relationship of three-level keys ...... 65
Figure 33. The architecture of ubiquitous VoD services 66
Figure 34. The authentication phase....................71
Figure 35. The playing phase ..........................77

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