臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在無線感測網路中，如何有效率使用節點能量成為了提升網路壽命的關鍵，針於坐落於不同區域的節點(如:叢集的中心與邊緣區域)能量消耗也會有所不同，平衡每個節點的能量使用率，也是延長網路壽命的議題之一，對於叢集首領的選擇方式，假如忽略叢集首領地理位置影響選擇叢集首領，將會增加內部傳輸的能量消耗，據我們所知，普瓦松節點分布對於現存的研究中尚未被考量進去，這種節點分布較貼近現實的生活的情況。在這篇論文中，考慮了普瓦松節點分布的地理影響，並提出兩項方法來延長網路使用壽命，第一，權重剩餘能量與距離叢集首領演算法，將叢集首領盡量選擇於叢集中心的區域，以此降低叢及內部傳送的消耗能量。第二，為了舒緩節點密度較高的區域，提出了邊緣區域次群集形成方案，以上這兩種方式在模擬結果中，不只能夠節省及平衡節點的能量消耗還能夠提升網路壽命以及降低傳輸中斷率。

In the wireless sensor network (WSN), how to efficiently utilize the energy of each sensor node is the key to prolong the network lifetime. The balance of energy consumption among the nodes located at different areas, e.g. the central and edge areas, also plays another important role in the scenario of lifetime prolongation. Nevertheless, the energy efficiency of the whole network can be severely reduced if the geography of network topology is ignored in the cluster head (CH) selection. To our best knowledge, the geography effect of Poison point process (PPP) has not yet been investigated in the existing cluster head (CH) selection algorithm.
In this paper, considering the PPP geography effect, the weighted residual energy and distance (WRED) algorithm is proposed to favor the nodes positioned near the cluster center with more energy in the CH selection. On top of this algorithm, the edge sub-clustering (ESC) scheme is further developed to alleviate the effect of non-uniform distribution of nodes on the edge. Additionally, frame-by-frame CH and sub-CH reselection is also designed to reinforce the effectiveness of the proposed WRED and ESC schemes. In this fashion, not only the energy conservation but also the balance of energy consumption can be significantly improved, which can contribute to longer network lifetime and lower outage probability.

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Contents iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Glossary of Symbols ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Thesis Outline 3
2 Background 4
2.1 Operations of Wireless Sensor Networks 4
2.2 Lifetime Prolongation Schemes 6
2.2.1 Cooperative Communication 6
2.2.2 Relay Selection Schemes 9
2.2.3 Data Aggregation Methods 10
3 System Model 11
3.1 Network Model 11
3.2 Minimum Cost Criterion 13
3.3 Cluster Head Selection Based on LEACH 18
4 Cluster Head Selection and Sub-cluster Formation 19
4.1 LEACH with Energy Regulation Parameters 19
4.2 The WRED CH Reselection and ESC Algorithms 21
4.2.1 Timeline Structure 21
4.2.2 WRED CH Reselection Algorithm 23
4.2.3 ESC Algorithm 24
5 Simulation Results 26
5.1 Simulation Setup 26
5.2 Effectiveness of WRED 29
5.3 Effectiveness of ESC 32
6 Conclusions and Future Works 35
6.1 Conclusions 35
6.2 Future Works 36
Bibliography 37
Vita 40

[1] H. N. Daisuke Takaishi, N. Kato, and R. Miura, “Towards energy efficient big data gathering in densely distributed sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, p. 1, 2014.
[2] S. H. Shah, W. Ali, F. K. Khan, and J. Khan, “A new framework to integrate wireless sensor networks with cloud computing, IEEE Aerospace Conference.
[3] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, pp. 102–104, Aug.
2002.
[4] M. Arshad, M. Alsalem, F. Siddqui, N. Kamel, and N. M. Saad, “Efficient cluster head selection scheme on mobile data collector based routing protocol, International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS), vol. 1, pp. 280–284, 2012.
[5] J. Ke-yin, Z. Yao, and T. De-run, “Based on the improvement of leach protocol for wireless sensor network routing algorithm, International Conference onIntelligent System Design and Engineering Application (ISDEA), pp. 1525–1528, 2012.
[6] M. Thein and T. Thein, “An energy efficient cluster-head selection for wireless sensor networks, International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS), pp. 287–291, 2010.
[7] X. Yi and X. Yong-qiang, “Energy-efficient distributed clustering algorithm based on coverage, International Symposium on Distributed Computing and Applications to Business Engineering and Science (DCABES), pp. 32–35, 2010.
[8] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, pp. 660–670, 2002.
[9] M. Harish, B. Srikanth, and R. Bhattacharjee, “An energy efficient wsn with cooperative relaying technique, National Conference on Communications (NCC).
[10] S. Vural and E. Ekici, “On multihop distance on wireless sensor networks with random node locations, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 540–552, April. 2010.
[11] K. Pahlavan and A. Levesque, Wireless information networks, 2nd ed. Wiley- Interscience Publishers, Sep. 2005.
[12] J. N. Laneman, D. N. C. Tse, and G. W. Wornell, “Cooperative diversity in wireless networks efficient protocol and outage behavior, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 50, pp. 3062–3080, 2004.
[13] F. K. S. Feng and H. Zhuang, “Relay selection and power allocation for cooperative network based on energy pricing, IEEE Communication Letters, vol. 14, pp. 396–398, 2010.
[14] Z. Zhou, S. L. Zhou, and J. H. Cui, “Energy-efficient cooperative communication based on power control and selective single-relay in wireless sensor networks,IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communication, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 3066–3077, Aug. 2008.
[15] N. Yu, J. Wan, Q. Song, and Y. Wu, “An improved dv-hop localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks, IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition, pp. 638–643, 2006.
[16] Landsburg and E. Steven, Price Theory and Applications, South-Western Pub., 2002.
[17] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks, Proc. IEEE 33 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000.
[18] A. Ray and D. De, “Energy efficient cluster head selection in wireless sensor network, International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT), pp. 306–311, 2012.
[19] Z. Huang, H. Okada, K. Kobayashi, andM. Katayama, “A study on cluster lifetime in multi-hop wireless sensor networks with cooperative miso scheme, Journal of Communications and Networks, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 443–450, Aug. 2012.