臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

落花生種仁具有抗氧化能力、清除自由基及保健之功效。本研究主要以落花生品種台南11號（TN11）與台南14號（TN14）兩品種為試驗材料，於2010年種植於嘉義縣義竹鄉有機驗證合格農地，探討以肥培管理、雜草管理和收穫期管理對落花生種仁總酚、類黃酮含量及抗氧化活性之影響。
有機栽培肥培管理以不同施用量處理【低施用量（1500公斤/公頃）、中施用量（3000公斤/公頃）、高施用量（4500公斤/公頃）】與不同施用方式處理【全施（3000公斤/公頃）全部基肥施用、分施（2/3基肥（2000公斤/公頃）與1/3追肥（1000公斤/公頃）】之試驗結果顯示:
(一)不同施用量處理對落花生種仁抗氧化活性之影響，春作時兩品種落花生種仁之總抗氧化能力以慣行栽培最高；清除DPPH自由基能力及還原力以低施用量處理較高；總酚含量則以中施用量處理較高；秋作時兩品種落花生種仁之清除DPPH自由基能力以高施用量處理較高；還原力、類黃酮含量及總酚含量皆以中施用量處理較高。落花生種仁品種間之抗氧化能力表現，台南11號在春作時之總抗氧化能力表現較佳；台南14號在清除DPPH自由基能力及亞鐵離子螯合能力的表現較好。秋作時則無差異。
(二)不同施用方式處理對落花生種仁抗氧化活性之影響，春作時兩品種落花生種仁之以分次施用最高；在其清除DPPH自由基能力、還原力及總酚含量皆以對照組最高；秋作時則無差異。無論在春作或秋作時，品種間無明顯差異。
有機栽培技術之雜草管理以中耕處理【一次、二次與無中耕(對照組)】、敷蓋處理【稻草、稻殼、花生殼與無敷蓋(對照組)】及間植綠肥處理【大豆、太陽麻、田菁與無間植綠肥(對照組)】之試驗結果顯示:
(一)不同中耕次數處理對落花生種仁抗氧化活性之影響，春作時兩品種落花生種仁之整體抗氧化能力均較慣行栽培佳，秋作時則無差異。但是，在春作之落花生種仁之整體抗氧化能力表現均較秋作時優。
(二)不同敷蓋作物處理對落花生抗氧化活性之影響，春作時台南11號落花生種仁之整體抗氧化能力均較慣行栽培佳，台南14號的類黃酮含量以敷蓋處理優於慣行栽培。秋作時則無差異。品種間亦無明顯差異。整體言，春作時以稻殼和花生殼敷蓋表現較優。
(三)不同間植綠肥作物處理對落花生種仁抗氧化活性之影響，無論在春作或秋作或品種間均明顯差異。
落花生收穫管理以始花後不同收穫期【50天、60天、70天與80天】及栽培管理方式【有機有、無病虫害管理與慣行栽培】所採收之落花生種仁，進行抗氧化能力之試驗結果顯示:
(一)不同收穫期對落花生種仁抗氧化活性之影響，春作時，有機栽培管理之二品種落花生種仁之整體抗氧化能力皆優於慣行栽培，以始花後50天最高，逐次遞減。秋作時則無差異。品種間亦無明顯差異。整體而言以有機栽培、有病蟲害管理表現較慣行栽培優。

Peanut seeds have effect of antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radicals scavenging effect and health.Explore field experiments of peanuts Tainan No.11 and Tainan No.14 were conducted in an organic field in Yizhu, Chiayi County in 2010. Total phenolics, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities of peanut seed as affected by fertilizer management, weed management and harvest management.
Organic farming fertilizer management, different fertilization treatments [ Low application rate (1500 kg / ha), middle application rate (3000 kg / ha), high application rate (4500 kg / ha) ] and different of application processing [ all application (3000 kg / ha) of all basal fertilizer, split application 2/3 of the basal (2000 kg / ha) and 1/3 of the dressing (1000 kg / ha) ], the results are as follows:
(1)Effects on antioxidant activities of peanut seeds of different fertilization treatments, the spring crop, the total antioxidant activity in conventional cultivation highest, DPPH free radical scavenging effect and reducing power handling begin with a low application rate higher, Total phenolics content of the fertilizer deal higher; the fall crop, DPPH free radical scavenging effect with high fertilization treatments higher, reducing power, flavonoids content and Total phenolics content in fertilizer tailor treatment is higher. Varieties the total antioxidant activity in Tainan No.11 is greater in spring crop, DPPH free radical scavenging effect and ferrous ion chelating capacity in Tainan No.14 is greater; the fall crop was no significant difference.
(2)Effects on antioxidant activities of peanut seeds of different modes of administration handling, the spring crop, the total antioxidant activity of the highest in the Split application, DPPH free radical scavenging effect, reducing power and Total phenolics contents begin with the control group was the highest; the fall crop was no significant difference. Regardless the spring crop or the fall crop were no significant difference in varieties.
Weed management of organic cultivation techniques, cultivating, processing(one, two and non-cultivator), mulching(rice straw, rice husk, peanut shells and no mulching)and inter-planting green manure treatment(soybean, sun hemp sesbania and no planting green manure ), the results are as follows:
(1)The number of different treatments on peanut seeds of antioxidant activity, the spring crop, the two varieties of peanut seeds antioxidant capacity than conventional cultivation of good. No difference when the fall crop. However, the antioxidant capacity of peanut seeds for the spring than the fall of excellent.
(2)Different crop mulching effect on antioxidant activity of peanut, , the spring crop, TN 11 peanut seeds antioxidant capacity than conventional cultivation of good, TN 14 and flavonoids content of mulching than conventional cultivation. No difference when the fall crop. differences varieties between no significant. Whole words, when the spring crop mulching rice husks and peanut shells is better.
(3) Different Inter-planting green manure crops effects on antioxidant activity of peanut seeds. Whether during the spring or fall crop or variety as no significant.
Peanut seeds of the first flower after harvest 50days, 60days, 70days, 80days and cultivation management style(pest management, no pest management and conventional cultivation)the harvest of peanut seeds, carried antioxidant capacity the results are as follows:
(1)Different harvest on antioxidant activity of peanut seeds effect. the spring crop, the overall, organic cultivation and management of the two varieties of peanut seeds antioxidant capacity than conventional cultivation are highest 50 days after flowering, gradually reduced. No difference when the fall crop. No significant differences between varieties. Overall, organic cultivation, pest management h than conventional cultivation of excellent.

摘要 ---------------------------- I
Abstract------------------------ Ⅲ
圖表目錄 ------------------------ VI
壹、前言 ------------------------- 1
貳、前人研究 --------------------- 5
参、材料與方法 ------------------- 29
肆、結果 ------------------------ 36
伍、討論 ----------------------- 101
陸、結論 ----------------------- 115
柒、參考文獻 -------------------- 116

王啟柱。1991。中國有機農業尋根傳承及其現代化展望。台灣農業 27:2-3。
吳至誠。2007。甘藷有機栽培雜草管理之研究。國立嘉義大學農學研究所碩士論文。嘉義市。
吳明鴻。2008。有機栽培技術對甘藷塊根之總酚、類黃酮及抗氧活性之影響。國立嘉義大學農學研究所碩士論文。嘉義市。
吳彥廷。2014。菇包廢料堆肥與化學肥料不同施用量對超甜玉米栽培土壤肥力，農藝性狀、產量、籽粒成分及抗氧化能力之影響。國立嘉義大學農學研究所碩士論文。嘉義市。
吳昭慧、鄭安秀、陳昇寬、林明瑩。2013。大豆栽培管理技術。臺南區農業改良場技術專刊:No.155。
邱怡詮、蔡文福。2002。田菁敷蓋對不整地栽培青割玉米雜草管理及產量之影響。中華民國雜草學會會刊 23: 13-22。
邱輝龍、范明仁。1 998。花青素與花色之表現。中國園藝 44(2):102-115。
卓家榮。1996。增進土壤肥力的觀念及管理要領。台南區農業改良場農業專訊 16(2):7-11。
林木連。2000。作物有機栽培應用技術。有機農業的雜草防治 pp:85-89。
林志信。2009。有機栽培對甘藷塊根營養成分之影響。國立嘉義大學農學研究所碩士論文。嘉義市。
林晉卿、吳炎融、黃瑞彰、林經偉 。2005。甜玉米之合理化施肥技術。台南區農業改良場農業專訊 53(3):13-16。
施益民、呂鋒洲。1987。自由基與各種疾病。當代醫學 16:399-407
胡南輝。2003。臺東縣綠肥作物之栽培管理與合理化利用。臺東地區作物合理化施肥研討會專刊 pp.21-43。臺中:行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。
陳能敏。1996。永續農業過去、現在、未來。農業科學資料服務中心 pp:6-16。
陳鴻堂。2000。合理選擇綠肥作物栽培。綠肥作物栽培管理與利用 pp:5-12。行政院農業委員會臺中區農業改良場。彰化縣。
陳世雄、王淑敏。2004。有機栽培體系之雜草管理。出自“雜草學與雜草管理”。楊純明、王慶裕、林俊義主編 pp:54-72。臺中:行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。
陳國憲、楊藹華。2006。落花生新品種台南16號之育成。農業新知與技術 72:3-5。
陳國憲、楊藹華、楊允聰。2009。落花生新品種落花生台南17號之育成。台南區農業改良場研究彙報 54:35-46。
陳葦玲、蕭政弘、陳榮五。2010。品種、葉球部位、施肥量及冷藏對於甘藍抗
　　氧化力之影響。台灣園藝 56:93-103。
陳烈夫、呂秀英、呂樁棠、賴吉雄。1995。水芋葉面積與乾物質生產之關係。中華農業研究 44(1):59-71。
程台生、陳麗珠、連大進。2006。國產大豆抗氧化活性之研究。作物、環境與生物資訊 3:325-336。
張同吳。2010。保健作物黃芩之栽培管理。花蓮區農業專訊 73:13-15。
張粲如、姜金龍、辛仲文、陳正男、蔡承良、陳武德、黃鵬、餘德發。1993。甘藷天然災害受害率之探討與調查。雜糧作物試驗研究年報 82:24-28。
黃明得。1994。落花生。雜糧作物各論(Ⅱ)油料類及豆類。台灣區雜糧發展經金會成立週年紀念專輯 pp:1043-1052。
黃山內。1999。落花生專輯。台南區農業改良場技術專刊 No.98。
黃惠娟、曾文隆、張愛華。1995。春作綠肥作物適合性之評估。中華農業研究 44(4):413-419。
黃惠琳、陳萬福。2002。台南區落花生產銷結構之研究。台南區農業改良場研究彙報 39:49~66
黃志煜、吳志鴻、張振生、葉永廉、張上鎮。2003。製程與採收季節對茶業抽出物抗氧化活性之影響。臺大實驗林研究報告 17(4):231-237。
劉宏澤、劉景平、賴永昌。2012。葉位與採收期對葉菜甘藷葉片之總酚含量及DPPH自由基清除能力之影響。作物、環境與生物資訊 9:98-107。
鄭統隆、施怡如、曾東海、賴永昌、吳明哲。2008。甘藷花青素與多酚含量之研究。台灣農業研究 57(1):33-48。
蔣永正。2006。雜草之認識與防治。【雜草利用與管理】草生栽培研習會 pp:33-37。
蔡文福。1988。雜草防除之研究與展望。科學農業 36: 290-294。
魏夢麗、呂秀英。1997。芋的氮肥需求。台灣省農業試驗所技術服務31:20-22。
蘇彥碩、劉天麟、邱垂豐。2012。茶園土壤肥力診斷與分析。“土壤肥料推廣研究成果研討會:提升施肥技術與管理研討會” pp:55-68。中華土壤肥料學會。
Abdin, O. A., X. M. Zhou, D. Cloutier, D. C. Cloulman, M. A. Faris and D. L. Smith. 2000. Mulch crops and interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays). Eur. J. Agron. 12:93-102.
Ames, B. N., M. K. Shigenaga and T. M. Hagen. 1993. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90(17):7915-7922.
Amador-ramirez, M. D., R. G. Wilson and A. R. Martin. 2001. Weedcontrol and dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) response to in-row cultivation,rotary hoeing, and herbicides. Weed Technol. 15:429-436.
Arnao, M. B., A. Cao and M. Acosta. 2001. The hydrophilic and lipophilic contribution to total antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 73:239-344.
Bailey, W. A., H. P. Wilson and T. E. Hines. 2001. Influence of cultivation and herbicide programs on weed control and net returns in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Weed Technol. 15:654-659.
Blevins, R. L., J. H. Herbek and W. W. Frye. 1990. Legume cover crop as a notrogen source for no-till corn and grain sorghum. Agron. J. 82:769-772.
Boote, K.J. 1982. Growth stages of peanut（Arachis hypogaea L.）. Peanut Sci. 9:35-40.
Boydston, R. A. and M. D. Seymour. 2002. Volunteer potato (Solanum tuberosum) control with herbicides and cultivation in onion (Allium cepa). Weed Technol. 16: 620-626.
Boydston, R. A.and A. Hang. 1995. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) green manure crop suppression weeds in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Weed Technol. 9: 669-675.
Cao, G., E. Sofic and L. R. Prior. 1996. Antioxidant activity of tea and common vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:3426-3431.
Carruthers, K., Q. Fe, D. Cloutier and D. L. Smith. 1998. Intercropping corn with soybean, lupin and forages: weed control by intercrops combined with interrow cultivation. Eur. J. Agron. 8:225-238.
Casavid, L. F., M. A. El-Sharkawy, A. Acosta and T. Sanchez. 1998. Long-term effects of mulch, fertilization and tillage on cassava grown in sandy soils in northern Colombia. Field Crops Res. 57: 45-56.
Charles, K. S., M. Ngouajio, D. D. Warncke, K. L. Poff and M. K.Hausbeck. 2006. Integration of cover crops and fertilizer rates for weed management in celery. Weed Sci. 54: 326-334.
Cheng, J. C ., L. S. Kan, J. T. Ghen, L. G. Chen, H. C. Lu, S. M. Lin, K. H. Yang and R. Y. Y. Chiou. 2009. Detection of cyanidin in different-colored Peanut testae and identification of Peanut cyanidin 3-sambubioside. Food Chem. 57:8805-8811.
Chiu, F. L. and J. K. Lin. 2005. HLPC analysis of naturally occurring methylated catachins, 3”- and 4”- methyl-epigallocatechin gallate in various fresh tea leaves and commercial teas and their potent inhibitory effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:7035-7042.
Chomas, A. J. and J. J. Kells. 2001. Common windgrass (Apera spica-venti) control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technol. 15:7-12.
Cook, H. F., G. S. B. Valdes and H. C. Lee. 2006. Mulch effects on rainfall interception, soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L. Soil &; Tillage Res. 91:227-235.
Cook, N. C. and S. Samman. 1996. Flavonoids:Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects and dietary sources. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7:66-76.
Davis, J. P., L. L. Dean, K. M. Price and T. H. Sanders. 2010. Roast effects on the hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacities of peanut flours, blanched peanut seed and peanut skins. Food Chemistry 119: 539–547.
Diacono M. and F. Montemurro. 2010. Long-term effects of organic amendments on soil fertility. Agronomy 30:401-422.
Dinis, T. C. P., V. M. C. Madeira and L. M. Almeida. 1994. Action of phenolic derivatives as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 315:161-169.
Edenfield, M. W., B. J. Brecke, D. L. Colvin, J. A. Dusky and D. G.Shilling. 2005. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) control with glyphosate in soybean and cotton. Weed Technol. 19:947-953.
Fischer, R. A., F. Santiveri and I. R. Vidal. 2002. Crop rotation, tillage and crop residue management for wheat and maize in the sub-humid tropical highlands: II. Maize and system performance. Field Crop Res. 79:123-137.
Forcella, F. 2000. Rotary hoeing substitutes for two-third rate of soil-applied herbicide. Weed Technol. 14: 298-303.
Froud-williams, R. J. 2002. Weed competition. In “Weed management handbook”, ed. Naylor R. E. L. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Co. pp:16-38.
Gallagher, R. S., J. Cardina and M. Loux. 2003. Integration of cover crops with postemergence herbicides in no-till corn and soybean. Weed Sci. 51:995-1001.
Ghosh, P. K., D. Dayal, K. K. Bandyopadhyay and M. Mohanty. 2006. Evalution of straw and polythene mulch for enhancing productivity of irrigated summer groundnut. Field Crops Res. 99:76-86.
Gordon, M. H. 1990. The mechanism of autioxidant action in vitro. In B. J. Hudson, Food antioxidants. New York:Elsevier Applied Science.pp:1-18.
Griffiths, L. A. and A. Barrow. 1972. Metabolism of flavoured compounds in germ-free rats. Biochem. J. 130:1161.
Hoang, V. H., J. Pokorny and H. Sakurai. 2006. Peanut skin antioxdants. Journal of Food Lipids 14: 298-314.
Hoang, V. H., P. Apstolova, J. Dostalova, F. Pudil and J. Pokorny. 2008. Antioxidant activity of peanut skin extracts from conventional and high-oleic peanut. Czech Journal Food Sciences 26:447-457.
Hwang, J. Y., Y. S. Shyu, Y. T. Wang and C. K. Hsu. 2010. Antioxidative properties of protein hydrolysate from defatted peanut kernels treated with esperase. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 43:285–290.
Jia, Z., M. Tang and J. Wu. 1999. The deteermaination of fiavonoid content in mulberry and their scavengingg effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64:555-559.
Johnson, G. A., M. S. Defelice and Z. R. Helsel. 1993. Cover crop management and weed control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 7:425-430.
Kahkonen, M. P., A. I. Hopia, H. J. Vuorela, J. P. Rauha, K. Pihlaja, T. S. Kujala and M. Heinonen. 1999. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47:3954-62.
Kehere, J. P. 1993. Mechanisms and effect of lipid peroxidantion. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 23:2013-2026.
Keles, Y., and I. Oncel. 2002. Response of antioxdative defence system to temperature and water stress combinations in wheat seedlings. Plant Sci. 163:793-790.
Kim, E. H., S. H. Kim, J. I. Chung, H. Y. Chi, J. A. Kim and I. M. Chung. 2006. Analysis of phenolic compounds and isoflavones in soybean seeds (Glycine max L. Merill) and sprouts grown under different conditions. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 22:201-208.
Lee, S. C., S. M. Jeong, S.Y. Kim, H. R. Park, K. C. Nam and D. U. Ahn. 2006. Effect of far-infrared radiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of water extracts from peanut hulls. Food Chem. 94:489–493.
Leblanc, M. L. and D. C. Cloutier. 2001. Susceptibility of dry edible bean(Phaseolus vulgaris, cranberry bean) to the rotary hoe. Weed Technol. 15:224-228.
Liao, W. C., Y. C. Lai, M. C. Yuan, Y. L. Hsu and C. F. Chan. 2011. Antioxidative activity of water extract of sweet potato leaves in Taiwan. Food Chem. 127:1224-1228.
Liu, X., S. Ardo, M. Bunning, J. Parry, K. Zhou, C. Stushnoff, F. Stoniker, L. Yu and P. Kendall. 2007. Total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavengingg activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Colorado. Food Sci. Technol. 40(3):552-557.
Martin F. W. 1983. Variation of sweet potatos with respect to the effects of waterlogging. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 60:117-121.
Miller, N. J, C. A. R. Evans, M. J. Davies, V. Gopinathan and A. Milner. 1993. A nover method for measuring antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin. Sci. 84:407-412.
Miller, N. J. and C. A. R. Evans. 1996. The relative contributions of ascorbic acid and phenolic antioxidants to the antioxidants activity of orange and apple fruit juices and blackcurrant drink. Food Chem. 60(3):331-337.
Nepote, V., N. R. Grosso and C. A. Guzman. 2005. Optimization of extraction of phenolic antioxidants from peanut skins. J. Sci. Food Agric. 85:33-38.
Norsworthy, J. K. 2004. Small-grain cover crop interaction with glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 18:52-59.
Oyaizu, M. 1986. Antioxidative activity of browning products of glucosamine fractionated by organic solvent and thin-layer chromatography. Nippon shokuhin kogyo gakkaishi. 35:771-775.
Pace-Asciak, C. R, S. Hahn, E. P. Diamandis, G. Soleas and D. M. Goldberg. 1995. The red wne phenolics trans resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis:Implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Clin Chem. 235:207-219.
Padda, M. S. and D. H. Picha. 2008. Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of different heat-processed forms of sweet potato cv. ‘Beauregard’. Intl. J. Food Sci. Technol. 43:1404-1409.
Padmavati, M, N. Sakthivel, K. V. Tahara and A. R. Reddy. 1997. Differential sensitivity of rice pathogens to growth inhibition by flavonoids. Phytochemistry . 46:499-502.
Pal, U. R. and Y. Shehu. 2001. Direct residual contribution of symbiotic notrogen fixation by legumes to the yield and notrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) in the Nigerian Savannah. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 187:53-58.
Pan, Y., J. Zhu, H. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. He, X. Ji and H. Li. 2007. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of cortex fraxini and use in peanut oil. Food Chem. 103:913–918.
Parejo, I. P., F. Viladomat, J. Bastida, A. Rosas-Romero, G. Saavedra, M. A. Murcia, A. M. Jimenez and C. Codina. 2003. Investigation of olivian plant extracts for their radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity. Life Sci. 73:1667-1681.
Reda, F., J. A. C. Verkleij and W. H. O. Ernst. 2005. Intercropping for the improvement of sorghum yield, soil fertility and Striga control in the subsistence agriculture region of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 191:10-19.
Reddy, K. N. 2003. Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow-row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 17:28-35.
Reddy, K. N. and R. M. Zablotowicz. 2003. Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weed, soil properties, microbial, and soybean yield. Weed Sci. 51:987-994.
Roggenkamp, G. J., S. C. Mason and A. R. Martin. 2000. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) response to corn (Zea mays) hybrid. Weed Technol. 14:304-311.
Saigusa, N., N. Terahara and R. Ohba. 2005. Evaluation of DPPH-radical-scavengingg activity and antimutagenicity and analysis of anthocyanins in an alcoholic fermented beverage produced from cooked or raw purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki) roots. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 11(4):390-394.
Salama, Z. A., F. K. El Baz, A. A. Gaafar and M. F. Zaki. 2013. Antioxidant activities of phenolics, flavonoids and vitaminC in two cultivars of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)in responses to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. J. Saudi Society of Agric. Sci. pp:1-9.
Sarkar, S., M. Paramanick and S. B. Goswami. 2007. Soil temperature,water use and yield of yellow sarson (Brassica napus L. var. glauca) in relation to tillage intensity and mulch management under rainfed lowland ecosystem in eastern India. Soil Till. Res. 93:94-101.
Sarkar, S. and S. R. Singh. 2007. Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley (Hordium vulgare L.). Soil Till. Res. 92:79-86.
Sarma, A. D., Y. Sreelakshmi and R. Sharma. 1997. Antioxidant ability of anthocyanins against ascorbic acid oxidation. Phytochemistry. 45:671-674.
Shimada, K., K. Yahara and T. Nakamura. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the antioxidation of soybean oil in cycodextrin emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40(6):945-948.
Singleton, V. L. and J. A. J. R. Rossi. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphoolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagent. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 16:144-153.
Sinsh, J., A. K. Upadhyay, A. Bahadur, B. Singh, K. P. Singh and M. Rai. 2006. Antioxidant phytochemical in cabbage（Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata）. Scientia Hort. 108:233-237.
Singh, B., T. S. Aujla, B. S. Sandhu and K. L. Khera. 1988. Response of autumn potato (Solanum tuberosum) to irrifation and straw mulching in northern India. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 58:521-524.
Smith, T. J and C. S. Yang. 1994. Phenolic compounds in food and their effects on health I: Fruits and vegetables. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
Sousa, C., D. M. Pereira, J. A. Pereira, A. Bento, M. A. Rodrigues, D.S. Garcı’a, P. Valenta˜ o, G. Lopes, F. Ferreres, R.M. Seabra and P.B. Andrade. 2008. Multivariate analysis of tronchuda cabbage（Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC）phenolics: influence offertilizers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:2231-2239.
Szumigalski, A. and R. V. Acker. 2005. Weed suppression and crop production in annual intercrops. Weed Sci. 53:813-825.
Takeoka, G. R., L. T. Dao, G. H. Full, R. Y. Wong, L. A. Harden, R. H. Edwards, and J. D. J. Berrios. 1997. Characterization of black bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.） anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:3395-3400.
Teasdale, J. R. 1993. Reducedherbicide weed management system for no-tillage corn (Zea mays) in a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crop. Weed Technol. 7: 879-883.
Teasdale, J. R., C. E. Beste and W. E. Potts. 1991. Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci. 39:195-199.
Teow C. C., V. D. Truong, R. F. McFeeters, R. L. Thompson, K. V. Pecota and G. C. Yencho. 2007. Antioxidant activities, phenolic and β-carotene contents of sweet potato genotypes withvarying flesh colours. Food Chem. 103:829-838.
Toor, R. K., P. S. Geoffrey and H. Anuschka. 2006. Influence of different types of fertilisers on the major antioxidantcomponents of tomatoes. J. Food Compos and Anal. 19:20–27.
Tsuda, T., K. Ohshima, S. Kawakishi and T. Osawa. 1994a. Aatioxidative pigments isolated from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:248-251.
Tsuda, T., M. Watanabe, K. Ohshima, S. Norinobu, S. W. Choi, S. Kawakishi and T. Osawa. 1994b. Antioxidative activity of the anthocyanin pigments cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucoside and cyanidin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:2407-2410.
Tsuda, T., K. Shiga, K. Oshima, S. Kawadishi and T. Osawa. 1996. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the active oxygen radical scavengingg effect of anthocyanin pigments isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. Biochem. Pharmacol. 52:1033-1039
Twain J. B. and P. James. 2005. Muir dairy manure compost improves soil and increases tall wheatgrass yield. Agron. J. 98 (4):1090-1096.
Verma, A. K. 1992. Phenolic compounds in food and theireffect on health II. antioxidants &; cancer prevention. American Chemical Society Washington, DC. pp:251-264.
Wang, H., G. Cao and R. L. Prior. 1997. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45:304-309.
Yamaguchi, N. and Y. Okada. 1968. Browning reaction products produced by the reaction between sugars and amino acids. II. Decomposotion of lipid hydroperoxid by the browning products. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi.
Yamaguchi, R., M. A. Tatsumi, K. Kato. and U. Yoshimitsu. 1988. Effect of metal salts and fructose on the autoxidantion of methyl linoleate in emulsions. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:849-850.
Yen, W. J., L. W. Chang and P. D. Duh. 2005. Antioxidant activity of peanut seed testa and its antioxidative component, ethyl protocatechuate. LWT. 38:193–200.
Yenish, J. P., A. D. Worsham and A. C. York. 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 10:815-821.
Yu, J., M. Ahmedna and I. Goktepe. 2005. Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of peanut skin phenolics. Food Chem. 90:199–206.
Yu, J., M. Ahmedna, I. Goktepe and J. Dai. 2006. Peanut skin procyanidins: Composition and antioxidant activities as affected by processing. J. Food Comp. and Analysis. 19:364–371.