臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

動態能力在策略管理領域需要進一步拉近概念與驗證上的差距，本文基於動態能力理論探討組織寬裕在策略性資源配置上的角色。根據過去的文獻，本研究認為動態能力係由六要件組成：察覺或形塑機會與威脅的組織寬裕、掌握機會的的創新投資、管理威脅與重置的組織能力及資源調整、環境變動性及組織績效。公司能理解由這些要件組成的架構—啟動動態能力，有助於提升對持續優勢的瞭解。
本研究設計包括二個子研究，一個著重管理認知，另一個強調於跨期間的縱向關係。研究一，以組織認知探究組織寬裕、能力及績效之間的關係，提出一個組織寬裕如何影響組織績效的模型，並解釋組織能力的成因與影響。以結構方程模式進行分析，研究結果指出：(1) 財務寬裕會正向影響策略彈性，而作業寬裕會負向影響組織學習；(2) 策略彈性會透過協調，對財務績效產生正向影響；(3) 組織學習僅會透過重置，對創新與品牌績效產生正向影響。
研究二，以縱向中介模式檢驗創新投資中介組織寬裕與績效之間的關係。研究結果顯示，創新投資與績效間存在正向關係，但這個關係並未受到環境動所調節。
這些結果顯示，(1)不同類型的組織寬裕會對於組織績效產生不同的影響，而組織能力與資源調整，在整個的影響過程中則扮演著重要的橋接角色；(2)組織寬裕、創新投資與組織績效之間存在影響關係。

關鍵字：動態能力、組織寬裕、創新投資、組織能力、環境變動

Dynamic capabilities in strategy management have need further to narrow down the gap between conceptual and empirical grounding. This dissertation is based on theory of dynamic capabilities to explore the role of organizational slack on strategic resource allocation. Building on the prior literature, this research argues that the dynamic capabilities are composed of six components: organizational slack (sensing and shaping opportunities and threats), innovaiton investment (seizing opportinities), organizational capability and resource arrangement (managing threats and reconfiguration), environmental tubulence, and performance. Comprehending what framework consisting of these components can initiate dynamic capabilities of a firm, will enhance our understanding of sustainable advantages.
Research designs in this study included two sub-studies. One focuses on managerial cognition, and the other emphasizes on longitudinal relationship. The first study, through organizational cognition, develops a model to explain causes and effects of organizational capabilities by describing how organizational slack affects organizational performance. Results of structural equation modeling indicate that: (1) financial slack has a positive effect on strategic flexibility, but operational slack has a negative effect on organizational learning; (2) through the mediation of coordination, strategic flexibility has an indirect positive effect on financial performance; (3) through the mediation of reconfiguration, organizational learning has an indirect positive effect on innovation performance and brand performance.
The second study, using longitudinal mediation model, examines innovation investment mediates the relationship between organizational slack and performance. Results indicate that there is a positive relationship between innovation investment and performance, but environmental turbulence has no moderating effect on the observed relationship.
These results reveal that: (1) different forms of organizational slack exercise different influences on organizational performance, and organizational capabilities and resource rearrangement play important bridging roles in this process; (2) there exist the influence relationship between organizational slack, innovation investment, and performance.

Keywords: dynamic capabilities, organizational slack, innovation investment, organizational capability, environmental turbulence

誌 謝 i
摘 要 iii
Abstract v
目 錄 vii
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 8
第三節 研究問題 13
第二章 文獻探討 17
第一節 動態能力理論 17
第二節 組織寬裕與組織能力 22
第三節 資源調整與組織績效 30
第四節 環境變動 34
第三章 研究架構 37
第一節 總體研究架構 37
第二節 組織寬裕與組織績效的認知關係 39
第三節 組織寬裕與組織績效的跨期影響關係 47
第四節 組織能力與環境變動的調節作用關係 52
第四章 研究方法 55
第一節 研究設計原則 55
第二節 組織認知過程研究 56
第三節 資源與環境影響過程研究 62
第五章 研究結果分析 67
第一節 組織行為過程分析 67
第二節 資源跨期影響過程分析 76
第三節 組織能力與環境變動的跨期調節效果分析 81
第四節 研究結果比較 85
第六章 討論 89
第一節 不同組織寬裕影響之比較 89
第二節 不同期間影響之比較 91
第七章 結論 93
第一節 研究結論 93
第二節 研究貢獻 95
第三節 研究限制與建議 99
參考文獻 101
附錄一 研究一問卷題項 115

Achabal, D. D., McIntyre, S. H., Smith, S. A., &; Kalyanam, K. 2000. A decision support system for vendor managed inventory. Journal of Retailing, 76(4): 430-454.
Adams, J. R., &; Swanson, L. A. 1976. Information processing behavior and estimating accuracy in operations management. Academy of Management Journal, 19(1): 98-110.
Adner, R., &; Helfat, C. E. 2003. Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10): 1011-1025.
Alegre, J., &; Chiva, R. 2013. Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4): 491-507.
Amit, R., &; Schoemaker, P. J. H. 1993. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal, 14(1): 33-46.
Andrews, R., Boyne, G. A., &; Walker, R. M. 2011. Dimensions of publicness and organizational performance: A review of the evidence. Journal of Public Administration Research &; Theory, 21(suppl_3): i301-i319.
Aral, S., &; Weill, P. 2007. It assets, organizational capabilities, and firm performance: How resource allocations and organizational differences explain performance variation. Organization Science, 18(5): 763-780.
Argote, L., &; Greve, H. R. 2007. A behavioral theory of the firm--40 years and counting: Introduction and impact. Organization Science, 18(3): 337-349.
Arthur, W. B. 1989. Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. Economic Journal, 99(394): 116-131.
Atwood, T. J., Drake, M. S., Myers, J. N., &; Myers, L. A. 2012. Home country tax system characteristics and corporate tax avoidance: International evidence. Accounting Review, 87(6): 1831-1860.
Bain, J. S. 1956. Barriers to new competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bain, J. S. 1968. Industrial organization (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Barney, J. B. 1986. Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32(10): 1231-1241.
Bateman, T. S., &; Zeithaml, C. P. 1989. The psychological context of strategic decisions: A test of relevance to practitioners. Strategic Management Journal, 10(6): 587-592.
Baum, J. A. C., Li, S. X., &; Usher, J. M. 2000. Making the next move: How experiential and vicarious learning shape the locations of chains' acquisitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(4): 766-801.
Beckman, C. M., Haunschild, P. R., &; Phillips, D. J. 2004. Friends or strangers? Firm-specific uncertainty, market uncertainty, and network partner selection. Organization Science, 15(3): 259-275.
Benner, M. J., &; Tushman, M. L. 2003. Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited. Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 238-256.
Bensaou, M., &; Venkatraman, N. 1995. Configuration of interorganizational relationships: A comparison between us and japanese automakers. Management Science, 41(9): 1471-1492.
Bercovitz, J. E., de Figueiredo, J. M., &; Teece, D. J. 1996. Firm capabilities and managerial decision-making: A theory of innovation biases. In R. Garud, P. Nayyar, &; Z. Shapira (Eds.), Innovation: Oversights and foresights: 233-259. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Bougheas, S., Mateut, S., &; Mizen, P. 2009. Corporate trade credit and inventories: New evidence of a trade-off from accounts payable and receivable. Journal of Banking &; Finance, 33(2): 300-307.
Bourgeois, L. J. 1981. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1): 29-39.
Bourgeois, L. J., &; Singh, J. V. 1983. Organizational slack and political behavior among top management teams, Academy of Management Proceedings: 43-47: Academy of Management.
Bowen, F. E., Rostami, M., &; Steel, P. 2010. Timing is everything: A meta-analysis of the relationships between organizational performance and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 63(11): 1179-1185.
Bowman, C., &; Ambrosini, V. 2003. How the resource-based and the dynamic capability views of the firm inform corporate-level strategy. British Journal of Management, 14(4): 289-303.
Bradley, S. W., Aldrich, H., Shepherd, D. A., &; Wiklund, J. 2011. Resources, environmental change, and survival: Asymmetric paths of young independent and subsidiary organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 32(5): 486-509.
Brockner, J. 1992. The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress. Academy of Management Review, 17(1): 39-61.
Burgelman, R. A. 2002. Strategy as vector and the inertia of coevolutionary lock-in. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(2): 325-357.
Chen, C.-C., Hsiung, H.-H., &; Tsai, N.-T. 2011. Maintenance versus transformation: A paradox of the slack in dynamic organizational process, The 2011 Annual Meeting of the Northeast Region of the Decision Sciences Institute. Montréal, Canada.
Chen, S. F. S. 2010. Transaction cost implication of private branding and empirical evidence. Strategic Management Journal, 31(4): 371-389.
Cheng, J. L. C., &; Kesner, I. F. 1997. Organizational slack and response to environmental shifts: The impact of resource allocation patterns. Journal of Management, 23(1): 1-18.
Chiesa, V., Manzini, R., &; Noci, G. 1999. Towards a sustainable view of the competitive system. Long Range Planning, 32(5): 519-530.
Clark, T., Varadarajan, P. R., &; Pride, W. M. 1994. Environmental management: The construct and research propositions. Journal of Business Research, 29(1): 23-38.
Covaleski, M. A., Dirsmith, M. W., &; White, C. E. 1987. Economic consequences: The relationship between financial reporting and strategic planning, management and operating control decisions. Contemporary Accounting Research, 3(2): 408-429.
Cowan, R., &; Gunby, P. 1996. Sprayed to death: Path dependence, lock-in and pest control strategies. Economic Journal, 106(436): 521-542.
Cyert, R., &; March, J. 1992. A behavioral theory of the firm (2nd ed.). Cambridge (MA): Blackwell.
Cyert, R. M., &; March, J. G. 1963. A behavioral theory of the firm. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
Daniel, F., Lohrke, F. T., Fornaciari, C. J., &; Turner, R. A. 2004. Slack resources and firm performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 57(6): 565-574.
Danneels, E. 2008. Organizational antecedents of second-order competences. Strategic Management Journal, 29(5): 519-543.
Darnall, N., &; Edwards Jr., D. 2006. Predicting the cost of environmental management system adoption: The role of capabilities, resources and ownership structure. Strategic Management Journal, 27(4): 301-320.
Derfus, P. J., Maggitti, P. G., Grimn, C. M., &; Smith, K. G. 2008. The red queen effect: Competitive actions and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1): 61-80.
Dodgson, M. 1993. Organizational learning: A review of some literatures. Organization Studies, 14(3): 375-394.
Dosi, G., Nelson, R. R., &; Winter, S. G. 2000. The nature and dynamics of organizational capabilities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Drnevich, P. L., &; Kriauciunas, A. P. 2011. Clarifying the conditions and limits of the contributions of ordinary and dynamic capabilities to relative firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 32(3): 254-279.
Eisenhardt, K. M., &; Martin, J. A. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1105-1121.
Evans, J. S. 1991. Strategic flexibility for high technology manoeuvers: A concept framework. Journal of Management Studies, 28(1): 69-89.
Farrell, M., &; Mavondo, F. T. 2004. The effect of downsizing strategy and reorientation strategy on a learning orientation. Personnel Review, 33(4): 383-402.
Ferrier, W. J. 2001. Navigating the competitive landscape: The drivers and consequences of competitive aggressiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 858-877.
Flammer, C. 2013. Corporate social responsibility and shareholder reaction: The environmental awareness of investors. Academy of Management Journal, 56(3): 758-781.
Fombrun, C. J., &; Ginsberg, A. 1990. Shifting gears: Enabling change in corporate aggressiveness. Strategic Management Journal, 11(4): 297-308.
Francis, J., Schipper, K., &; Vincent, L. 2003. The relative and incremental explanatory power of earnings and alternative (to earnings) performance measures for returns. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20(1): 121-164.
Franzen, L., &; Radhakrishnan, S. 2009. The value relevance of R&;D across profit and loss firms. Journal of Accounting &; Public Policy, 28(1): 16-32.
Ganster, D. C., Hennessey, H. W., &; Luthans, F. 1983. Social desirability response effects: Three alternative models. Academy of Management Journal, 26(2): 321-331.
Gary, M. S. 2005. Implementation strategy and performance outcomes in related diversification. Strategic Management Journal, 26(7): 643-664.
George, G. 2005. Slack resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4): 661-676.
Ghemawat, P. 1991. Commitment: The dynamic of strategy New York: Free Press.
Greenley, G. E., &; Oktemgil, M. 1998. A comparison of slack resources in high and low performing british companies. Journal of Management Studies, 35(3): 377-398.
Grundy, T., &; Johnson, G. 1993. Managers' perspectives on making major investment decisions: The problem of linking strategic and financial appraisal. British Journal of Management, 4(4): 253-267.
Gupta, A. K., Smith, K. G., &; Shalley, C. E. 2006. The interplay between exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4): 693-706.
Hage, J. T. 1999. Organizational innovation and organizational change. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1): 597-623.
Haleblian, J., &; Finkelstein, S. 1999. The influence of organizational acquisition experience on acquisition performance: A behavioral learning perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1): 29-56.
Hall, B. 2008. The financing of innovation. In S. Shane (Ed.), Handbook of technology and innovation management: 409-430. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hannan, M. T., &; Freeman, J. 1984. Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 49(2): 149-164.
Heene, A. 1997. The nature of strategic management. Long Range Planning, 30(6): 933-938.
Helfat, C. E. 1994. Evolutionary trajectories in petroleum firm R&;D. Management Science, 40(12): 1720-1747.
Helfat, C. E. (Ed.). 2003. The sms blackwell handbook of organizational capabilities: Emergence, development,and change. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Helfat, C. E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M. A., Singh, H., Teece, D. J., &; Winter, S. G. 2007. Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Helfat, C. E., &; Peteraf, M. A. 2003. The dynamic resource-based view: Capability lifecycles. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10): 997-1010.
Hill, C. W. L., &; Rothaermel, F. T. 2003. The performance of incumbent firms in the face of radical technological innovation. Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 257-274.
Hill, M. D., Kelly, G. W., &; Highfield, M. J. 2010. Net operating working capital behavior: A first look. Financial Management (Wiley-Blackwell), 39(2): 783-805.
Hodgkinson, G. P., &; Healey, M. P. 2011. Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities: Reflexion and reflection in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13): 1500-1516.
Hogarth, R. M. 1987. Judgement and choice. Chichester, NY: John Wiley.
Holak, S. L., Parry, M. E., &; Song, X. M. 1991. The relationship of R&;D/sales to firm performance: An investigation of marketing contingencies. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 8(4): 267-282.
Homburg, C., Klarmann, M., &; Schmitt, J. 2010. Brand awareness in business markets: When is it related to firm performance? International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(3): 201-212.
Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Wan, W. P., &; Yiu, D. 1999. Theory and research in strategic management: Swings of a pendulum. Journal of Management, 25(3): 417-456.
Hottenrott, H., &; Peters, B. 2012. Innovative capability and financing constraints for innovation: More money, more innovation? Review of Economics &; Statistics, 94(4): 1126-1142.
Huber, G. P. 1991. Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2(1): 88-115.
Hung, K.-P., &; Chou, C. 2013. The impact of open innovation on firm performance: The moderating effects of internal R&;D and environmental turbulence. Technovation, 33(10/11): 368-380.
Itami, H., &; Roehl, T. W. 1987. Mobiling invisible assets. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
Jacobs, B. W., Singhal, V. R., &; Subramanian, R. 2010. An empirical investigation of environmental performance and the market value of the firm. Journal of Operations Management, 28(5): 430-441.
Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes (2 ed.). Boston, MA.: Houghton Mifflin.
Jennings, D. F., &; Seaman, S. L. 1994. High and low levels of organizational adaptation: An empirical analysis of strategy, structure, and performance. Strategic Management Journal, 15(6): 459-475.
Jensen, M. C., &; Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4): 305-360.
Johnson, W. H. A. 2007. Managing uncertainty in innovation: The applicability of both real options and path dependency theory. Creativity &; Innovation Management, 16(3): 274-281.
Kahneman, D., &; Lovallo, D. 1994. Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. In R. Rummelt, D. Schendel, &; D. Teece (Eds.), Fundamental issues in strategy: A research agenda: 71-96. Boston: HBS Press.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., &; Tversky, A. 1982. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Katila, R., &; Ahuja, G. 2002. Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(6): 1183-1194.
Ketchen, J., David J. , &; Palmer, T. B. 1999. Strategic responses to poor organizational performance: A test of competing perspectives. Journal of Management, 25(5): 683-706.
Kogut, B., &; Zander, U. 1992. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3): 383-397.
Kraatz, M. S., &; Zajac, E. J. 2001. How organizational resources affect strategic change and performance in turbulent environments: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(5): 632-657.
Landis, R. S., Beal, D. J., &; Tesluk, P. E. 2000. A comparison of approaches to forming composite measures in structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 3(2): 186-207.
Langlois, R. N. 1997. Cognition and capabilities: Opportunities seized and missed in the history of the computer industry. In R. Garud, P. Nayyar, &; Z. Shapira (Eds.), Technological entrepreneurship: Oversights and foresights: 71-94. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leonard-Barton, D. 1992. Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5): 111-125.
Levinthal, D. A., &; March, J. G. 1993. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 95-112.
Lichtenthaler, U. 2009. Absorptive capacity, environmental turbulence, and the complementarity of organizational learning processes. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4): 822-846.
Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., &; Widaman, K. F. 2002. To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2): 151-173.
Loch, C. H., &; Terwiesch, C. 1998. Communication and uncertainty in concurrent engineering. Management Science, 44(8): 1032-1048.
Love, E. G., &; Nohria, N. 2005. Reducing slack: The performance consequences of downsizing by large industrial firms, 1977-93. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12): 1087-1108.
Luo, Y. 2000. Dynamic capabilities in international expansion. Journal of World Business, 35(4): 355-378.
Lynall, M. D., Golden, B. R., &; Hillman, A. J. 2003. Board composition from adolescence to maturity: A multitheoretic view. Academy of Management Review, 28(3): 416-431.
MacKinnon, D. P. 2008. Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mahoney, J. T., &; Pandian, J. R. 1992. The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5): 363-380.
March, J. G. 1991. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1): 71-87.
March, J. G. 1995. The future, disposable organizations and the rigidities of imagination. Organization, 2(3/4): 427-440.
Marsh, S. J., &; Stock, G. N. 2003. Building dynamic capabilities in new product development through intertemporal integration. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20(2): 136-148.
Mason, E. S. 1939. Price and production policies of large-scale enterprise. The American Economic Review, 29(1): 61-74.
Matraves, C., &; Rondi, L. 2007. Product differentiation, industry concentration and market share turbulence. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 14(1): 37-57.
Maute, M. F., &; Locander, W. B. 1994. Innovation as a socio-political process: An empirical analysis of influence behavior among new product managers. Journal of Business Research, 30(2): 161-174.
Meyers, P. W. 1990. Non-linear learning in technological firms. Research Policy, 19(2): 97-115.
Miller, D. 1992. The generic strategy trap. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(1): 37-41.
Milliken, F. J. 1990. Perceiving and interpreting environmental change: An examination of college administrators' interpretation of changing demographics. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1): 42-63.
Miner, A. S., Bassoff, P., &; Moorman, C. 2001. Organizational improvisation and learning: A field study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2): 304-337.
Mintzberg, H. 1979. The structuring of organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mishina, Y., Pollock, T. G., &; Porac, J. F. 2004. Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12): 1179-1197.
Mitchell, W. 1992. Are more good things better, or will technical and market capabilities conflict when a firm expands? Industrial and Corporate Change, 1(2): 327-346.
Moreno, A. R., Fernandez, L. M. M., &; Montes, F. J. L. 2009. The moderating effect of slack resources on the relation between quality management and organisational learning. International Journal of Production Research, 47(19): 5501-5523.
Morroni, M. 2007. Complementarities among capability, transaction and scale-scope considerations in determining organizational boundaries. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 19(1): 31-44.
Nadkarni, S., &; Narayanan, V. K. 2007. Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry clockspeed. Strategic Management Journal, 28(3): 243-270.
Nelson, R. R., &; Winter, S. G. 1982. An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nohria, N., &; Gulati, R. 1996. Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 39(5): 1245-1264.
Paladino, A. 2007. Investigating the drivers of innovation and new product success: A comparison of strategic orientations. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(6): 534-553.
Paladino, A. 2008. Analyzing the effects of market and resource orientations on innovative outcomes in times of turbulence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 25(6): 577-592.
Pavlou, P. A., &; El Sawy, O. A. 2006. Decomposing and leveraging dynamic capabilities, Working paper. Riverside, CA.: Anderson Graduate School of Management, University of California.
Pavlou, P. A., &; El Sawy, O. A. 2011. Understanding the elusive black box of dynamic capabilities. Decision Sciences, 42(1): 239-273.
Penrose, E. 1959. The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Wiley.
Pettigrew, A. M. 1992. The character and significance of strategy process research. Strategic Management Journal, 13: 5-16.
Pfeffer, J., &; Salancik, G. R. 2003. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books.
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., &; Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., &; Organ, D. W. 1986. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4): 531-544.
Porter, M. E. 1981. The contributions of industrial organization to strategic management. Academy of Management Review, 6(4): 609-620.
Prahalad, C. K., &; Hamel, G. 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3): 79-91.
Priem, R. L., &; Butler, J. E. 2001. Is the resource-based "view" a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 26(1): 22-40.
Redding, J. C. 1994. Strategic readiness: The making of the learning organization San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Reimann, B. C. 1982. Organizational competence as a predictor of long run survival and growth. Academy of Management Journal, 25(2): 323-334.
Richards, V. D., &; Laughlin, E. J. 1980. A cash conversion cycle approach to liquidity analysis. Financial Management 9(1): 32-38.
Richardson, G. B. 1972. The organization of industry. Economic Journal, 82: 883-896.
Ron, S. 1995. Strategic flexibility in product competition. Strategic Management Journal, 16(Special): 135-159.
Ross, J., &; Staw, B. M. 1993. Organizational escalation and exit: Lessons from the shoreham nuclear power plant. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 701-732.
Sørensen, J. B., &; Stuart, T. E. 2000. Aging, obsolescence, and organizational innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(1): 81-112.
Sanchez, R. 1995. Strategic flexibility in product competition. Strategic Management Journal, 16: 135-159.
Sanchez, R., &; Mahoney, J. T. 1996. Modularity, flexibility, and knowledge management in product and organization design. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 63-76.
Schiff, M., &; Lewin., A. Y. 1970. The impact of people on budgets. The Accounting Review, 45(April): 259-268.
Schreyogg, G., &; Kliesch-Eberl, M. 2007. How dynamic can organizational capabilities be? Towards a dual-process model of capability dynamization. Strategic Management Journal, 28(9): 913-933.
Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York, NY: Harper &; Brothers.
Sharfman, M. P., Wolf, G., Chase, R. B., &; Tansik, D. A. 1988. Antecedents of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 13(4): 601-614.
Simsek, Z., Veiga, J. F., &; Lubatkin, M. H. 2007. The impact of managerial environmental perceptions on corporate entrepreneurship: Towards understanding discretionary slack's pivotal role. Journal of Management Studies, 44(8): 1398-1424.
Singh, J. V. 1986. Performance, slack, and risk taking in organizational decision making. Academy of Management Journal, 29(3): 562-585.
Sinkula, J. M., Baker, W. E., &; Noordewier, T. 1997. A framework for market-based organizational learning: Linking values, knowledge, and behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4): 305-318.
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., &; Ireland, R. D. 2007. Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32(1): 273-292.
Slotegraaf, R. J., &; Pauwels, K. 2008. The impact of brand equity and innovation on the long-term effectiveness of promotions. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(3): 293-306.
Song, M., Droge, C., Hanvanich, S., &; Calantone, R. 2005. Marketing and technology resource complementarity: An analysis of their interaction effect in two environmental contexts. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3): 259-276.
Stata, R. 1989. Organizational learning-the key to management innovation. Sloan Management Review, 30(3): 63-74.
Staw, B. M., &; Ross, J. 1978. Commitment to a policy decision: A multi-theoretical perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(1): 40-64.
Sull, D. N. 2003. Why good companies go bad and how great managers remake them. Boston, MA: Harvard business school.
Tan, J., &; Peng, M. W. 2003. Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: Two studies from an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13): 1249-1263.
Teece, D., &; Coleman, M. 1998. The meaning of monopoly: Antitrust analysis in high technology industries. Antitrust Bulletin, 43(3/4): 801-857.
Teece, D. J. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing, and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6): 285-305.
Teece, D. J. 1994. The dynamic capabilities of firms: An introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change, 5(3): 537-556.
Teece, D. J. 2007. Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13): 1319-1350.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., &; Schuen, A. 1992. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Berkeley, CA: Mimeo, Haas School of Business, University of California.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., &; Shuen, A. 1997. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7): 509-533.
Thompson, J. 1967. Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Volberda, H. W. 1996. Toward the flexible form: How to remain vital in hypercompetitive environments. Organization Science, 7(4): 359-374.
Voss, G. B., Sirdeshmukh, D., &; Voss, Z. G. 2008. The effects of slack resources and environmental threat on product exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, 51(1): 147-164.
Walsh, J. P. 1988. Selectivity and selective perception: An investigation of managers’ belief structures. Academy of Management Journal, 31(4): 973-896.
Walsh, J. P., &; Ungson, G. R. 1991. Organizational memory. Academy of Management Review, 16(1): 57-91.
Wang, C. L. 2008. Entrepreneurial orientation, learning orientation, and firm performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(4): 635-657.
Weick, K. 1979. The social psychology of organizing (2 ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weinzimmer, L. G., Nystrom, P. C., &; Freeman, S. J. 1998. Measuring organizational growth: Issues, consequences and guidelines. Journal of Management, 24(2): 235-262.
Wernerfelt, B. 1984. A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 171-180.
Westphal, J. P., &; Bednar, M. K. 2005. Pluralistic ignorance in corporate boards and firm’s strategic persistence to low firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(2): 262-298.
Williams, J. R. 1992. How sustainable is your competitive advantage? California Management Review, 34(3): 29-51.
Williams, L. J., Cote, J. A., &; Buckley, M. R. 1989. Lack of method variance in self-reported affect and perceptions at work-reality or artifact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(3): 462-468.
Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. 1999. Strategy research: Governance and competence perspectives. Strategic Management Journal, 20(12): 1087-1108.
Winter, S. G. 2003. Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10): 991-995.
Wiseman, R. M., &; Bromiley, P. 1996. Toward a model of risk in declining organizations: An empirical examination of risk, performance and decline. Organization Science, 7(5): 524-543.
Worren, N., Moore, K., &; Cardona, P. 2002. Modularity, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: A study of the home appliance industry. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12): 1123-1140.
Xu, X., Zeng, S., &; Tam, C. 2012. Stock market's reaction to disclosure of environmental violations: Evidence from china. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(2): 227-237.
Yasai-Ardekani, M. 1986. Structural adaptations to environments. Academy of Management Review, 11(1): 9-21.
Young, G., Smith, K. G., &; Grimm, C. M. 1996. "Austrian" and industrial organization perspectives on firm-level competitive activity and performance. Organization Science, 7(3): 243-254.
Zahra, S. A. 1996. Technology, strategy, and new venture performance: A study of corporate-sponsored and independent biotechnology ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(4): 289-321.
Zahra, S. A., Sapienza, H. J., &; Davidsson, P. 2006. Entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities: A review, model and research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4): 917-955.
Zollo, M., &; Winter, S. G. 2002. Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13(3): 339-351.
Zott, C. 2003. Dynamic capabilities and the emergence of intraindustry differential firm performance: Insights from a simulation study. Strategic Management Journal, 24(2): 97-125.