臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

2012年3月至2013年3月共13個月，每月一次執行毒龍潭(新竹縣尖石鄉鎮西堡；海拔2375公尺)大型底棲無脊椎動物及浮游生物群聚結構調查。毒龍潭全年湖水的溶氧範圍介於4.05-7.33 mg/L之間，pH值範圍介於3.68-7.74，大部分時間湖水偏酸性。湖水的溫度隨著季節的改變則有相當大的變化，以秋季及春季之溫差為最大，七月份之月均溫最高為18.5℃，一月份之月均溫最低4.4℃。湖水的總氮介於0.1-1.2N(mg/L)，總磷酸鹽介於0.32-0.69 PO43- (mg/L)，葉綠素a含量介於3.68-40(μg/L)，全年度湖泊營養鹽及浮游植物葉綠素a含量最高之季節為十月。底土有機碳含量介於5.65-27.96 %，以冬季之底土有機碳含量最為豐富。
大型底棲無脊椎動物記錄7科10屬11種：包含鞘翅目2種、蜻蛉目3種、毛翅目3種、雙翅目2個亞科2個分類群、廉蛤目1種，其中以高山豌豆蜆最為優勢，其次為搖蚊。記錄浮游藻類53種：矽藻25種、綠藻18種、藍綠菌3種、隱藻1種、裸藻3種、原生動物3種，春季至初夏以矽藻為主要優勢種，夏季至秋季以綠藻為主要優勢種，冬季浮游植物豐量較低，初春以隱藻細胞數量最高。浮游動物共記錄哲水溞1種、劍水溞2種、猛水溞1種、水螨1種，毒龍潭浮游動物優勢物種為哲水溞目肥胖蕩鏢水溞(Neutrodiaptomus tumidus)，將其鑑定至六個不同生活史階段橈足期I至IV，估算肥胖蕩鏢水溞生長周期為7個月，族群補充期為三月及九月。
環境因子主成分分析(PCA)結果呈現三個類群：A).夏季高溫群；B).冬季低溫群；C).湖泊高生產力的混合期。冗餘分析(RDA)探討環境因子與浮游植物群聚之季節性變化關聯性，可以根據藻類群聚結構級分為四群：A). 群優勢藻屬為綠藻Cosmarium及藍綠菌Microcystis，主要分布於秋季至初春；B). 群優勢藻屬為綠藻Monoraphidinium，主要分布於夏季至初秋；C). 群優勢是藻屬為矽藻Cyclotella、Navicula、Nitzschia及綠藻Oocystis、Pediasturm，主要分布於春季至初夏；D). 群主要優勢藻為綠藻Chlorella、藍綠菌Oscillatoria及隱藻Cryptomonas，主要分布於秋冬交替點。以典型相關分析(CCA)探討浮游動物群聚與浮游植物群聚及環境因子之季節性變化關聯性，浮游動物群聚與藻類群聚結構季節性變化之關聯性較環境之季節性變化關聯性高，由三序圖可以觀察到肥胖蕩鏢水溞之族群成長變化與藻類群聚關係密切。以冗餘分析(RDA)探討底棲動物群聚之季節性變化，大型底棲無脊椎動物群聚受底土有機碳及溫度變化而呈現夏季群聚及冬季群聚分布。
毒龍潭大型底棲無脊椎動物及浮游生物群聚結構受到環境影響而呈現不同的季節性變化，大型底棲無脊椎動物群聚主要受到溫度及底土有機碳含量影響，浮游植物主要受到溫度變化、營養鹽含量、pH值影響，浮游動物群聚結構受到藻類群聚結構改變而有所變化，毒龍潭湖泊生態系主要受環境因子的調控，屬於由下向上的調控(bottom-up control)。

The investigation of benthic macro-invertebrate and plankton communities was conducted monthly for 13 months, from March 2012 to March 2013 in Dulong Lake (altitude 2375m, Cinsibu, Jianshi Township, Hsinchu County). The aquatic environmental factors were recorded as follows: the dissolved oxygen was 4.05-7.33 mg/L, the pH value was 3.68-7.74, and the lake was seriously acidified most of the time. The temperature varied remarkably between months, especially in spring and autumn, the variations were larger than other seasons. The highest average monthly temperature was 18.5℃in July, and the lowest one was 4.4℃in January. Total nitrogen content was 0.1-1.2N (mg/L), total phosphate (PO43-) content was 0.32-0.69 (mg/L), chlorophyll a content was 3.68-40 (μg/L), and both nutrient and chlorophyll a contents were highest in October. The total organic carbon ranged from 5.65-27.96%, and it was higher in winter.
There were 7 families 10 genera benthic macro–invertebrates recorded in the study: 2 species of Coleoptera, 3 species of Odonata, 3 species of Trichoptera, 2 subfamilies 2 taxa of Diptera and 1species of Veneroida. Among them, the most dominated species were Pisidium cinereum, and followed by Chironomidae. 53 phytoplankton species were identified: 25 taxa of diatom, 18 taxa of green algae, 3 taxa of Cynobacteria, 1 taxa of Euglenophytan and 3 taxa of protozoa. The diatoms were dominant from spring to early summer, and the green algae were dominant from summer to autumn. The total phytoplankton abundance was lowest in winter. As to zooplankton, there were 1taxa of calanoid, 2 taxa of cyclopoid, 1taxa of harpactoid, and 1 taxa of water mite. The most dominant one among them was Neutrodiaptomus tumidus Kiefer, 1937. As estimated, the development of N. tumidus from copepodid I to copepodia VI took 7 months, and the recruitment of young stage was in March and September.
The principal components analysis (PCA) results of environmental factors can be categorized as three different clusters, A) winter, B) summer, C) mixing period high production. The correlation between phytoplankton communities and environmental variaitons was analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA), and the phytoplankton communities were classified into four clusters, A) Cosmarium and Microcystis dominated in this cluster, and principally appeared from autumn to early spring, B) Monoraphidinium dominated in this cluster, and principally appeared from summer to early autumn, C) Cyclotella, Navicula, Nitzchia, Oocystis, and Pediasturm dominated in this cluster, and principally appeared from spring to early summer and D) Chlorella, Oscillatoria and Cryptomonas dominated in this cluster, and principally appeared in late autumn. The correlation between zooplankton and phytoplankton communities, with environmental variations was analyzed by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Zooplankton could not be clustered, but seasonal variations of the zooplankton communities can be shown in triplot figures. The correlation between seasonal changes in benthic macro–invertebrates communities and environmental variations was analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA), and benthic macro–invertebrates communities could be grouped into summer and winter clusters.
The seasonal dynamics of benthic macro–invertebrates and plankton communities varied with environmental variations. Benthic macro–invertebrates communities were mainly affected by organic carbon in subsoil and temperature, phytoplankton communities were mainly affected by temperature changes, nutrient content, pH value, and zooplankton communities were mainly affected by phytoplankton communities. The ecosystem of Dulong Lake is mainly regulated by environmental factors, and the main control mechanism is bottom-up control.

目錄
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………II
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………………IV
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………VI
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………VIII
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………………1
貳、材料與方法…………………………………………………………………11
参、結果…………………………………………………………………………25
肆、討論…………………………………………………………………………38
伍、參考文獻……………………………………………………………………47
 

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