背景及目的：先前的研究指出植物精油會影響人體自主神經活性及認知功能。有關葡萄柚精油的研究顯示，它能提高年輕女性的交感神經活性，且會促使老鼠的胃迷走神經（副交感）活性降低；然而，這在年輕男性的身上或在人類副交感神經活性的變化上是否也有類似的效果，則尚未獲得明確的研究證實。而在認知功能的研究結果則顯示檸檬精油能增加小學生的注意力、記憶力和相關的認知學習；由於葡萄柚精油與檸檬精油同樣是芸香科柑橘屬的果實類精油，因而推測葡萄柚精油可能也具有增加大學生注意力和記憶力的效果。另外，有文獻指出女性有較高的嗅覺敏感度，對於環境氣味知覺有較大的敏感性、行為也較容易受影響。所以，本研究的目的是要探討葡萄柚精油對於自主神經活性及注意力、記憶力之影響，及二者之間的相關性；同時也探討葡萄柚精油對不同性別的大學生是否會產生不同的影響。
材料及方法：本研究為分層隨機對照實驗設計，收案對象為南部某大學之在學學生，收案時間為民國103年3月至民國103年4月。將100位大學生先分為男、女不同性別，再依隨機抽樣分派至葡萄柚精油組及水組。實驗一為自主神經活性檢測，使用生理回饋分析儀收集心電圖、皮膚溫度及皮膚電導等生理數據，受試者共計47人；實驗二為認知測驗，使用電腦軟體所設計的認知測驗來評估受試者注意力及記憶力之表現，共計100人參加。數據先以Excel進行資料建檔，再用SPSS 18.0 for Windows套裝軟體進行統計分析。
結果：在自主神經活性的研究結果顯示，兩組前測與後測之組間比較皆未達顯著差異，顯示葡萄柚精油對大學生自主神經活性的影響效果不明顯；若分成男、女不同性別進行探討，男生及女生在前測與後測之組間比較亦皆未達顯著差異，顯示葡萄柚精油對於男女不同性別在自主神經活性的影響效果皆不明顯。而在認知的研究結果顯示，兩組在總體上皆未達顯著性差異，顯示葡萄柚精油對認知功能之影響效果不明顯；若分為男、女不同性別進行探討，則男性精油組在Digit vigilance task的正確率達顯著性差異，反映葡萄柚精油有助於男性在長時間工作注意力之維持；而女性精油組在Spatial working memory的正確率達顯著性差異，反映葡萄柚精油有助於女性在短時間內保持空間訊息的活躍。而綜合先前及本研究中的實驗結果顯示，自主神經活性的改變和注意力、記憶力的降低或改善二者之間目前尚未發現具有相關性，未來若有更多類似的研究，則也許會有更明確的結論。

Background and Purpose: Previous studies have demonstrated that essential oils can affect human autonomic nervous activity and cognitive functions. Researches about grapefruit essential oil showed it can enhance young women’s sympathetic nervous activity and decrease gastric vagal nervous activity of animals. However, it is not clear if grapefruit essential oil has any effect on young men or on human parasympathetic nervous activity. Moreover, study found that lemon essential oil can increase elementary school students' attention, memory and related cognitive learning. Because both grapefruit and lemon essential oils belong to Rutaceae Citrus spp. and fruit essential oils, it is reasonable to assume that grapefruit essential oil can also increase college students’ attention and memory. In addition, some studies indicated that women were more sensitive to environmental odors and their behaviors are easily affected by odors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of grapefruit essential oils on autonomic nervous activity, attention, and memory of college students, and find out if there is any correlation between autonomic nervous activity and cognitive functions and whether there is gender-specific effect.
Materials and Methods: This study used a stratified random sampling controlled trials design. Participants were students studying at a university in the southern Taiwan. The experiments were conducted from March to April 2014. Fifty male and fifty female students were recruited and were randomly assigned to essential oil group and water group. Experiment one was to monitor forty-seven subjects’ autonomic nervous activity including ECG, skin temperature and skin conductance by using biofeedback sensors before and after inhalation of essential oil vapor or water vapor. Experiment two was to assess one hundred subjects’ cognitive performance of attention and memory by using computer software after inhalation of essential oil vapor or water vapor. Excel and SPSS 18.0 for Windows were used to do data analysis and statistical tests.
Results: No significant differences of autonomic nervous activity were found between these two groups in pretest and posttest. Also no significant differences were found between male or female students in these two groups. These results showed grapefruit essential oils did not alter autonomic nervous activity. We also found no significant differences between these two groups in six cognitive tests. But male students in essential oil group had better correct rate in digit vigilance task than that in control group, reflecting grapefruit essential oil can help maintain long time attention for male students. We also found female students in essential oil group had better correct rate in spatial working memory than that in control group, reflecting grapefruit essential oil can help keep spatial information active over a short period of time for female students. Comparison of previous studies and this study it seems to show that it is not relevant between autonomic nervous activity changes and reduction or improvement of attention or memory. More similar studies will be helpful to have a more definitive conclusion in the future.

摘 要　i
ABSTRACT　iii
目 次　vi
表目次　xi
圖目次　xii
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 4
1.3 研究目的 6
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2.1嗅覺與生理 7
2.2自主神經系統 11
2.2.1心率變異(Heart rate variability，HRV) 12
2.2.2皮膚溫度(Skin temperature，S Temp) 16
2.2.3皮膚電導(Skin conductance，SC ) 17
2.2.4氣味對自主神經活性影響之相關研究 18
2.3 認知功能 20
2.3.1認知功能之定義 20
2.3.2氣味與認知功能之相關研究 21
2.4葡萄柚精油之介紹 23
第三章 研究方法 25
3.1 研究架構 25
3.2 研究對象與研究場所 26
3.3 研究工具 28
3.4 實驗設計及方法 35
3.5 資料收集 36
3.6 資料處理與分析 36
第四章 研究結果 38
4.1水及精油介入前自主神經活性之比較 38
4.1.1時域分析 38
4.1.2頻域分析 38
4.1.3其他數值分析 38
4.2男生組—水及精油介入前自主神經活性之比較 40
4.2.1時域分析 40
4.2.2頻域分析 40
4.2.3其他數值分析 40
4.3女生組—水及精油介入前自主神經活性之比較 42
4.3.1時域分析 42
4.3.2頻域分析 42
4.3.3其他數值分析 42
4.4水介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 44
4.4.1時域分析 44
4.4.2頻域分析 44
4.4.3其他數值分析 44
4.5男生組—水介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 46
4.5.1時域分析 46
4.5.2頻域分析 46
4.5.3其他數值分析 46
4.6女生組—水介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 48
4.6.1時域分析 48
4.6.2頻域分析 48
4.6.3其他數值分析 48
4.7精油介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 50
4.7.1時域分析 50
4.7.2頻域分析 50
4.7.3其他數值分析 50
4.8男生組—精油介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 52
4.8.1時域分析 52
4.8.2頻域分析 52
4.8.3其他數值分析 52
4.9女生組—精油介入前後測自主神經活性之比較 54
4.9.1時域分析 54
4.9.2頻域分析 54
4.9.3其他數值分析 54
4.10水及精油介入後自主神經活性之比較 56
4.10.1時域分析 56
4.10.2頻域分析 56
4.10.3其他數值分析 56
4.11男生組—水及精油介入後自主神經活性之比較 58
4.11.1時域分析 58
4.11.2頻域分析 58
4.11.3其他數值分析 58
4.12女生組—水及精油介入後自主神經活性之比較 60
4.12.1時域分析 60
4.12.2頻域分析 60
4.12.3其他數值分析 60
4.13精油及水介入認知測驗之組間比較 62
4.13.1認知測驗之反應準確率比較 62
4.13.2認知測驗之反應時間比較 62
4.14男性精油及水介入認知測驗之組間比較 64
4.14.1認知測驗之反應準確率比較 64
4.14.2認知測驗之反應時間比較 64
4.15女性精油及水介入認知測驗之組間比較 66
4.15.1認知測驗之反應準確率比較 66
4.15.2認知測驗之反應時間比較 66
第五章 討論 68
5.1 葡萄柚精油對自主神經活性之影響的討論 68
5.2 葡萄柚精油對注意力及記憶力之影響的討論 69
5.3精油對自主神經活性的改變以及對注意力、記憶力影響之相關性 72
第六章 結論與建議 74
6.1結論 74
6.2建議 75
參考文獻 76
中文部分 76
英文部分 79
附錄一 葡萄柚精油分析資料 86
附錄二 人體試驗委員同意書 87
附錄三 受試者暨家長同意書 89

中文部分
大塚玲（1999）。注意與學習（江慧齡譯）。台北：心理出版社。
王顯智、黃美雲（2007）。心率變異度的發展與臨床應用。中華體育季刊，21（3），1－9。
佐佐木薰（2006）。精油基礎調理書（沙子芳譯）。台北市：積木文化。（原作2004年出版）
吳求淳（2012）。解剖生理學。台中：華格那。
吳奕賢、程馨慧（2012）。芳香療法／Aromatherapy。新北市：新文京開發。
吳香宜、吳瑞士（2008）。運動訓練對心率變異度的影響。輔仁大學體育學刊（7），239－252。
林天送（2010）。嗅覺與味蕾受體的新發現。科學發展（445期），70－71。
林漢裕、李玉琇（2010）。空間短期記憶，空間工作記憶與空間能力對圖學表現的影響。設計學報（Journal of Design），15（4），1－18。
高境莉（2012）。精油噴霧吸入對大學生心率變異與認知功能之影響。未出版之碩士論文，南華大學，嘉義縣。
翁根本、何慈育、歐善福、林竹川、謝凱生（2009）。心律變動性分析。臺灣醫界，52（6），290－293。
張保敏、郭藝芳（2004）。心率變異性的晝夜節律及臨床意義。中國心臟起搏與心電生理雜誌，18（3），224－226。
陳高揚、郭正典、駱惠銘（2000）。心率變異度：原理與應用。中華民國急救加護醫學會雜誌，11（2），47－58。
陳淑如、蔡月霞、羅映琪、蔡宜珊、鄭綺（2005）。心率變異度的簡介及護理上的應用。新臺北護理期刊，7（1），1－11。
陳麗豔、王昶（2010）。葡萄柚精油的化學成分分析。黑龍江醫藥，23（1），36－37。
麥麗敏（2008）。解剖生理學。台北：華杏。
麥麗敏（2011）。新編生理學（三版）。台北：永大。
許怡蘭（2005）。植物精油能量全書。台北：商周。
游祥明、宋晏仁、古宏海、傅毓秀、林光華（2004）。解剖學（二版）。台北：華杏。
歐明秋、游銅錫、林麗雲（2011）。精油化學（The Chemistry of Essential Oil)。台北：華杏。
蔡忠昌、陳怡瑜（2009）。大學生性別，心肺功能與心率變異的相關性，第11卷（第3期），143－153。
鄧淼（2004）。五行芳香療法全書。台北市：奧諾詩。
賴明德（2009）。醫護生理學（二版）。台中：華格那。
饒文琴、林鴻銓、盛德芳、陳麗妃、何淑娟（2009）。自主神經失調與心率變異度應用於慢性阻塞性肺疾病患之概念介紹。台灣呼吸治療雜誌，8（1），43－49
Boron, W. F. & Boulpaep, E. L. (2007)。醫學生理學（精華版）（石博元、李侑珊、黃哲南、鄭孝良、許駿毅、陳盈達、陳雅茹譯）。台北：合記。（原著出版於2002）
Davis, P. (2000)。芳香療法大百科（李靖芳譯）。台北縣：世茂。（原著出版於1998）
Fox, S. I. (2006)。人體生理學（于家城、林嘉志、施科念、高美媚、張林松、陳瑩玲、陳聰文、黃慧貞、溫小娟、廖美華、蔡宜容譯）。台北：麥格羅希爾。（原著出版於1996）
Fox, S. I. (2007)。人體生理學（余青翰、甘淑芬、卓玉敏、簡越、夏詩閔譯）。台北：麥格羅希爾。（原著出版於1996）
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2002)。蓋統生理學－生理及疾病機轉（賴亮全，林則彬，林富美譯）。台北：華杏。（原著出版於1997）
Sellar, W. (1996)。芳香療法精油寶典（溫佑君譯）。台北縣：世茂。（原著出版於1992）
Sherwood, L. (2004)。人體生理學－由細胞銜接系統導讀（黃佩真、蔡素宜、梁女足、詹智強、賴郁君譯）。台北：合記。（原著出版於2001）
Sherwood, L. (2008)。人體生理學（王兆民、林泠、楊博凱、陳寶珍、蔡明怡、黃雅芳譯）。台北：湯姆生。（原著出版於2007）
Tortora, G. J., & Grabowski, S. R. (2007)。Tortora簡明人體解剖學與生理學（第六版）（陳金山、徐淑緩譯）。台北：合記。（原著出版於2004）
Viktor, B., & Gretchen, S. (1995)。芳香療法（梁艾琳譯）。台北市：大展。（原著出版於1993）
Vroon, P., Amerongen, A. V., Vries, H. D (2001)。嗅覺符碼—記憶和欲望的語言（洪慧娟譯）。台北市：商周。（原著出版於1994）
Werner, M. & Braunschweig, R. V. (2011)。芳香療法實證學：基礎理論－精油素描－臨床應用（李文媛、蔡慈晳與葛偉芬譯）。台北市：德芳亞太研究發展協會。（原著出版於2009）
Wildwood, C. (2004)。芳療聖經（牛爾譯）。台北市：商周／城邦。（原著出版於1996）
英文部分
Akpinar, B. (2005). The role of sense of smell in learning and the effects of aroma in cognitive learning. Pakistan Journal of Social Science, 3(7), 952-960.
Alaoui-Ismaili, O., Vernet-Maury, E., Dittmar, A., Delhomme, G., & Chanel, J. (1997). Odor hedonics: connection with emotional response estimated by autonomic parameters. Chem Senses, 22(3), 237-248.
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255(5044), 556-559.
Baron, R. A., & Thomley, J. (1994). A Whiff of Reality Positive Affect as a Potential Mediator of the Effects of Pleasant Fragrances on Task Performance and Helping. Environment and Behavior, 26(6), 766-784.
Bensafi, M., Rouby, C., Farget, V., Bertrand, B., Vigouroux, M., & Holley, A. (2002). Autonomic nervous system responses to odours: the role of pleasantness and arousal. Chem Senses, 27(8), 703-709.
Brand, G., & Millot, J. L. (2001). Sex differences in human olfaction: between evidence and enigma. Q J Exp Psychol B, 54(3), 259-270. doi: 10.1080/713932757
Brauchli, P., Rüegg, P. B., Etzweiler, F., & Zeier, H. (1995). Electrocortical and autonomic alteration by administration of a pleasant and an unpleasant odor. Chem Senses, 20(5), 505-515.
Chang, K. M., & Shen, C. W. (2011). Aromatherapy benefits autonomic nervous system regulation for elementary school faculty in taiwan. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011, 1-7. doi: 10.1155/2011/946537
Chien, L. W., Cheng, S. L., & Liu, C. F. (2012). The effect of lavender aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system in midlife women with insomnia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012, 740813. doi: 10.1155/2012/740813
Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded process model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (chap.3, pp. 62-101 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cowan, N. (2010). The Magical Mystery Four: How is Working Memory Capacity Limited, and Why? Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 19(1), 51-57. doi: 10.1177/0963721409359277
Dayawansa, S., Umeno, K., Takakura, H., Hori, E., Tabuchi, E., Nagashima, Y., et al. (2003). Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans. Auton Neurosci, 108(1-2), 79-86. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2003.08.002
Diego, M. A., Jones, N. A., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., et al. (1998). Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience, 96(3-4), 217-224.
Duan, X., Tashiro, M., Wu, D., Yambe, T., Wang, Q., Sasaki, T., et al. (2007). Autonomic nervous function and localization of cerebral activity during lavender aromatic immersion. Technol Health Care, 15(2), 69-78.
Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (chap.4, pp. 102-134 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Finnegan, R. (2002). Communicating: The multiple modes of human interconnection. USA: Routledge.
Gilbert, A. N., Knasko, S. C., & Sabini, J. (1997). Sex differences in task performance associated with attention to ambient odor. Arch Environ Health, 52(3), 195-199. doi: 10.1080/00039899709602886
Grieve, J., & Gnanasekaran, L. (2008). Neuropsychology for occupational therapists : cognition in occupational performance. Singapore: Fabulous.
Hales, S.(1733).Haemostatics. In: Statistical Essays Vol Ⅱ. London: Innings & Manby & Woodward.
Haze, S., Sakai, K., & Gozu, Y. (2002). Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Jpn J Pharmacol, 90(3), 247-253.
Hon, E. H., & Lee, S. T.(1965). Electronic evaluation of the fetal heart rate patterns proceeding fetal death, further observations. American Journal of Obstet Gynecol, 87, 814-826
Hongratanaworakit, T., & Buchbauer, G. (2004). Evaluation of the harmonizing effect of ylang-ylang oil on humans after inhalation. Planta Med, 70, 632-636.
Hongratanaworakit, T., & Buchbauer, G. (2006). Relaxing effect of ylang ylang oil on humans after transdermal absorption. Phytotherapy Research, 20(9), 758-763.
Howes, D. (2002). Nose-wise:Olfactory Metaphors in Mind. In B. S. Catherine Rouby, Daniele Dubois, Remi Gervais,A. Holley (Ed.), OLFACTION,TASTE, and COGNITION (chap.5, pp. 67-81). USA: Cambridge University Press,NY.
Howes, M.-J. R., & Houghton, P. J. (2003). Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 513-527.
Ingalhalikar, M., Smith, A., Parker, D., Satterthwaite, T. D., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., et al. (2014). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111(2), 823-828. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316909110
Inoue, N., Kuroda, K., Sugimoto, A., Kakuda, T., & Fushiki, T. (2003). Autonomic nervous responses according to preference for the odor of jasmine tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 67(6), 1206-1214.
Jellinek, J. S. (1999). Odours and mental states. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 9(3), 115-120.
Jung, D.-J., Cha, J.-Y., Kim, S.-E., Ko, I.-G., & Jee, Y.-S. (2013). Effects of Ylang-Ylang aroma on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy men. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 9(2), 250.
Lewis, R., & Rennick, P. M. (1979). Manual for the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor Battery. Grosse Point,MI: Axon..
Ludvigson, H. W., & Rottman, T. R. (1989). Effects of ambient odors of lavender and cloves on cognition, memory, attect and mood.Chemical Senses, 14(4), 525-536.
Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., et al. (1996). Heart rate variability:Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal, 17(3), 354-381.
Matsubara, E., Fukagawa, M., Okamoto, T., Fukuda, A., Hayashi, C., Ohnuki, K., et al. (2011). Volatiles emitted from the leaves of Laurus nobilis L. improve vigilance performance in visual discrimination task. Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan), 32(1), 19-28.
Miller, J. A., Thompson, P. A., Hakim, I. A., Lopez, A. M., Thomson, C. A., Chew, W., et al. (2012). Safety and Feasibility of Topical Application of Limonene as a Massage Oil to the Breast. J Cancer Ther, 3(5a),1-12. doi: 10.4236/jct.2012.325094
Millot, J., & Brand, G. (2001). Effects of pleasant and unpleasant ambient odors on human voice pitch. Neurosci Lett, 297(1), 61-63.
Millot, J. L., Brand, G., & Morand, N. (2002). Effects of ambient odors on reaction time in humans. Neurosci Lett, 322(2), 79-82.
Moss, L., Rouse, M., Wesnes, K. A., & Moss, M. (2010). Differential effects of the aromas of Salvia species on memory and mood. Hum Psychopharmacol, 25(5), 388-396. doi: 10.1002/hup.1129
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci, 113(1), 15-38.
Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., & Wesnes, K. (2008). Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang. Int J Neurosci, 118(1), 59-77. doi: 10.1080/00207450601042094
Niijima, A., & Nagai, K. (2003). Effect of olfactory stimulation with flavor of grapefruit oil and lemon oil on the activity of sympathetic branch in the white adipose tissue of the epididymis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 228(10), 1190-1192.
Peng, S. M., Koo, M., & Yu, Z. R. (2009). Effects of music and essential oil inhalation on cardiac autonomic balance in healthy individuals. J Altern Complement Med, 15(1), 53-57. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0243
Saeki, Y., & Shiohara, M. (2001). Physiological effects of inhaling fragrances. The International Journal Of Aromatherapy, 11(3), 118-125.
Schnaubelt, K. (1998). Advanced Aromatherapy:The Science of Essential Oil Therapy. Vermont: Healing Arts Press.
Schneider, W., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2003). Memory and knowledge development. In J. Valsiner & K.Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (chap.17, pp. 370-403). London: Sage.
Sellar, W. (1992). The Directory Of Essential Oil. Great Britain: The C.W.Deniel Company Limited.
Shen, J., Niijima, A., Tanida, M., Horii, Y., Maeda, K., & Nagai, K. (2005). Olfactory stimulation with scent of grapefruit oil affects autonomic nerves, lipolysis and appetite in rats. Neurosci Lett, 380(3), 289-294. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.058
Shimizu, K., Gyokusen, M., Kitamura, S., Kawabe, T., Kozaki, T., Ishibashi, K., et al. (2008). Essential oil of lavender inhibited the decreased attention during a long-term task in humans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 72(7), 1944-1947.
Shrikant L. Patil, Sreekumaran, E., & Krishna, A.P. (2011). Evaluation of the efficacy of cardamom aromatherapy on aerobic fitness & autonomic functions among students. Nitte University Journal of Health Sciemce, 1(1-3), 23-29.
Squeglia, L. M., Schweinsburg, A. D., Pulido, C., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Adolescent binge drinking linked to abnormal spatial working memory brain activation: differential gender effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 35(10), 1831-1841. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01527.x
Sun, J. (2007). D-Limonene: safety and clinical applications. Altern Med Rev, 12(3), 259-264.
Tanida, M., Niijima, A., Shen, J., Nakamura, T., & Nagai, K. (2005). Olfactory stimulation with scent of essential oil of grapefruit affects autonomic neurotransmission and blood pressure. Brain Res, 1058(1-2), 44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.048
Tildesley, N. T., Kennedy, D. O., Perry, E. K., Ballard, C. G., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2005). Positive modulation of mood and cognitive performance following administration of acute doses of Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil to healthy young volunteers. Physiol Behav, 83(5), 699-709. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.09.010
Tisserand, R. (1977). The Art of Aromatherapy. Great Britain: The C.W.Deniel Company Limited.
Tulving, E. & Craik, F. I. M (2000). The Oxford Handbook of Memory. New York: Oxford university press.
Vandierendonck , A. & Szmalec, A (ed.)(2011). Spatial Working Memory . Psychology
Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N., & Parasuraman, R. (1991). Effects of olfactory stimulation on performance and stress in a visual sustained attention task. Journal of the Society Cosmetic Chemists, 42(3), 199-210.