以一新穎技術-分散式液液微萃取法(DLLME)結合表面輔助雷射脫附/游離質譜儀(SALDI/MS)偵測triazole類抗真菌藥物。本研究以Chloroform (50 μL)及Acetone (260 μL)分別作為萃取劑與分散劑於樣品溶液中進行萃取，並以膠體金搭配傳統有機酸(α-CHCA)作為共基質(co-matrix)進行SALDI/MS分析。
在最佳的萃取和偵測條件下，posaconazole之校正曲線範圍介於1.0 ~ 100.0 nM，itraconazole之校正曲線範圍介於2.0 ~ 200.0 nM；Posaconazole及itraconazole之偵測極限(LOD)各別為0.3 nM及0.6 nM；待萃取樣品溶液及萃取後回溶液體之體積比為200，計算Posaconazole及itraconazole之濃縮倍率(enrichment factor)各別為111及121。此方法成功地應用於人類尿液樣品中偵測triazole類抗黴菌藥物，Posaconazole及itraconazole之LOD各別為0.4 nM及0.9 nM；Posaconazole及itraconazole之回收率各別為55.3%及60.3%，此方法具有快速、環保、簡便及低成本等優點。

A novel method for the detection of triazole antifungal agents using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled to surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric detection (SALDI/MS) was developed. Acetone and chloroform were used as the disperser solvent and extraction solvents, respectively. After the extraction, triazole antifungal agents was detected using SALDI/MS with colloidal gold and α-CHCA as the co-matrix. Under optimal extraction and detection conditions, the calibration curve, which ranged from 1.0 to 100.0 nM for posaconazole and from 2.0 to 200.0 nM for itraconazole, was observed to be linear. The limit of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 0.3 nM for posaconazole and 0.6 nM for itraconazole. With a sample-to-extract volume ratio of 200, the enrichment factor for triazole antifungal agents was calculated to be 111 and 121 for posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of triazole antifungal agents in human urine samples. The LOD was 0.4 nM for posaconazole and 0.9 nM for itraconazole. The recoveries were calculated to the 55.3% and 60.3% for posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively. This method is rapid, eco-friendly, simple, and economic.

目錄
中文摘要I
AbstractII
謝誌III
目錄IV
圖目錄VI
表目錄VIII
第一章 緒論1
1-1 抗黴菌藥物簡介1
1-1-1 Itraconazole4
1-1-2 Posaconazole6
1-2 基質輔助雷射脫附游離飛行時間質譜儀
(Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
Time-of-Flight, MALDI-TOF)簡介8
1-2-1 MALDI發展歷程8
1-2-2 基質輔助雷射脫附游離法10
1-2-3 表面輔助雷射脫附游離法14
1-3 各種微萃取方法簡介17
1-3-1 固相微萃取(Solid Phase Microextraction)18
1-3-2 液相微萃取(Liquid Phase Microextraction)21
1-3-3 分散式液液微萃取(Dipersive Liquid Liquid
Microextraction)25
1-4 文獻回顧29
1-5 研究動機與目的38
第二章 實驗39
2-1 實驗藥品39
2-2 儀器設備41
2-3 實驗方法及步驟42
2-3-1 溶液配製42
2-3-2 尿液樣品採樣及前處理43
2-3-3 基質最佳化樣品製備43
2-3-4 分散式液液微萃取法步驟44
2-3-5 SALDI樣品製備45
2-3-6 濃縮倍率及萃取效率46
2-3-7 質譜操作條件47
第三章 結果與討論48
3-1 基質最佳化48
3-2 分散式液液微萃取條件之優化50
3-2-1 萃取劑之選擇50
3-2-2 分散劑之選擇53
3-2-3 萃取劑體積之影響55
3-2-4 分散劑體積之影響57
3-2-5 待萃取樣品溶液pH值之影響59
3-2-6 添加鹽類之影響61
3-2-7 震盪時間之影響63
3-3 標準溶液之檢量線與偵測極限66
3-3-1 直接分析之檢量線66
3-3-2 分散式液液微萃取之檢量線70
3-4 尿液樣品之分析75
3-4-1 尿液樣品之檢量線與偵測極限77
3-4-2 尿液樣品之回收率81
3-4-3 尿液樣品之精密度與準確度82
3-4-4 尿液樣品之選擇性84
第四章 結論91
第五章 參考文獻92


圖目錄
圖1 Itraconazole分子結構5
圖2 Posaconazole分子結構7
圖3 固相微萃取之萃取步驟20
圖4 (A)直接式單滴微萃取(B)頂空式單滴微萃取22
圖5 直接式動態液相微萃取之流程23
圖6 中空纖維液相微萃取23
圖7 分散式液液微萃取之流程28
圖8 分散式液液微萃取搭配MALDI-TOF MS操作流程44
圖9 不同基質對於Posaconazole游離效率之質譜圖49
圖10 不同種類萃取劑對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響52
圖11 不同種類分散劑對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響54
圖12 不同萃取劑體積對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響56
圖13 不同分散劑體積對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響58
圖14 pH值對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響60
圖15 NaCl濃度對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響62
圖16 震盪時間對於抗黴菌藥物萃取效率之影響64
圖17 Posaconazole直接分析之檢量線67
圖18 Itraconazole直接分析之檢量線68
圖19 水樣品中Posaconazole經DLLME之檢量線71
圖20 水樣品中Itraconazole經DLLME之檢量線72
圖21 尿液樣品添加抗黴菌藥物以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜76
圖22 尿液樣品中Posaconazole經DLLME之檢量線78
圖23 尿液樣品中Itraconazole經DLLME之檢量線79
圖24 尿液樣品A以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜85
圖25 尿液樣品B以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜86
圖26 尿液樣品C以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜87
圖27 尿液樣品D以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜88
圖28 尿液樣品E以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜89
圖29 尿液樣品F以SALDI-TOF偵測之圖譜90


表目錄
表1 有機酸基質與適用之分析物類型12
表2-1 LC搭配UV detector分析azole類化合物31
表2-2 LC搭配UV detector分析azole類化合物32
表2-3 LC搭配UV及FD detector分析azole類化合物33
表3-1 LC搭配MS detector分析azole類化合物34
表3-2 LC搭配MS detector分析azole類化合物35
表3-3 LC搭配MS detector分析azole類化合物36
表4-1 CE搭配UV detector分析azole類化合物37
表5 SALDI-TOF MS之操作參數47
表6各種萃取劑之密度及溶解度51
表7 抗黴菌藥物之最佳萃取條件65
表8 抗黴菌藥物之直接定量分析69
表9 抗黴菌藥物經DLLME之定量分析73
表10 尿液樣品中抗黴菌藥物之定量分析80
表11 抗黴菌藥物經Intra-day及Inter-day之精密度及準確度83

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