臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文旨在探討泰雅語白蘭方言中的模態結構（modal constructions），並從製圖理論（cartographic approach）的角度出發討論模態結構的句法層級。討論的主題包括模態詞語意分類、詞類劃分，以及與其他句法成分的相對語序位置。第一章介紹泰雅語的語法特性。第二章為相關的文獻回顧。第三章至第五章則分別討論知識模態詞、義務模態詞以及能願模態詞的語法特性和分佈。第六章為結論。
就語意而言，泰雅語的模態詞可分為三大類：知識模態詞（epistemic modals）、義務模態詞（deontic modals）及能願模態詞（dynamic modals）。每一個模態詞還可再細分為不同小類；就詞類來說，我們從模態詞構詞上的變化以及句法行為去界定出其所屬詞類：知識模態詞分屬狀語和助動詞、義務模態詞屬於助動詞、能願模態詞則屬一般動詞。
本文根據蔡維天（2010）對漢語模態結構所提出的三層分類－補詞層、曲折層以及辭彙層，嘗試畫出泰雅語模態結構的句法位置。作者指出不同類型的模態詞的投射基本上剛好對應到Rizzi（1997）和Cinque（1999）所提出的句法結構上，也就是說知識模態詞、義務模態詞以及能願模態詞分別對應到句子的三個層次：補詞層、曲折層以及辭彙層。本文發現泰雅語和漢語一樣擁有三層模態結構，不同的是，泰雅語的知識模態詞和義務模態詞位於補詞層，而能願模態詞位於辭彙層。這兩個層次的句法分佈我們可以透過不同的句法測試得到驗證，如模態詞之間的連用限制以及模態詞與其他功能範疇的互動，否定詞、時體詞、無定疑問詞等。最後我對於模態詞在句法上的階層結構關係提出如下：
知識模態詞 > 義務模態詞 > 未然否定詞 > 時制詞組 > 動貌（完成貌、進行貌）> 已然否定詞 > 能願模態詞

Based on the Cartographic Approach (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999), this thesis aims at investigating the syntactic properties of modal constructions in Squliq Atayal and establishing the relative order of the modals, with special reference to the R’uyan dialect. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the grammar of Atayal. Chapter 2 reviews previous literature on modality and the relevant questions. Chapter 3 to 5 are discussions of epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modals, focusing on their syntactic behavior and distribution. Chapter 6 is the conclusion.
Semantically, we divide modals in Atayal into three classes, namely, epistemic, deontic, and dynamic, each of which can be further divided into various subtypes -- epistemic modal elements can be auxiliaries or adverbials, deontic modals are auxiliaries, and dynamic modals are verbs.
Along Tsai’s (2010) three-layer theory of modals, I draw topography for the modal constructions in Atayal. Tsai proposes that epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modals correspond to the complmentizer layer, the inflectional layer, and the lexical layer, respectively. However, I propose that Atayal modal constructions are divided into two layers only; namely, epistemic modals and deontic modals correspond to the complmentizer layer, while the dynamic modals correspond to the lexical layer. This syntactic analysis is attested by the word order of modal elements in multiple modal constructions, the interaction between modals and negation, the compatibility between modals and tense/aspect markers, and the licensing of wh-indefinites. Finally, we propose a syntactic hierarchy as follows: epistemic modals > deontic modals > irrealis negation > tense > aspect (perfective, progressive) > realis negation > dynamic modals.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………….i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………ii
致謝辭………………………………………………………………………………..iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………....v
縮寫對照……………………………………………………………………………viii
表目錄………………………………………………………………………………...ix
第一章 緒論…………………………………..…………………………………….1
1.1 研究目的與方法…………………………………..………………………..1
1.1.1 研究動機…………………………………..……………………..1
1.1.2 田野調查…………………………………..……………………..1
1.2 泰雅語語法概述…………………………………..………………………..2
1.2.1 語音系統…………………..……………………..………………2
1.2.1.1 輔音…………………..……………………..………………2
1.2.1.2 輔音音位語音描述…………………..……………………..3
1.2.1.3 輔音在字首與元音的語音環境之分佈……………………4
1.2.1.4 元音……………..……………………..……………………5
1.2.1.5 元音音位語音描述………………..………………………..5
1.2.2 詞序…………………..……………………..……………………5
1.2.3 語態系統…………………..……………………..………………7
1.2.4 格位系統…………………..……………………..………………9
1.2.5 人稱代名詞系統………………..……………………..………..10
1.2.6 時貌系統………………..………………..……………………..11
1.3 論文架構…………………………………………………………………..13
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………….14
2.1 模態的定義與分類………………………………………………………..14
2.2 製圖理論…………………………………………………………………..16
第三章 知識模態………………………………………………………………….20
3.1 知識模態詞………………………………………………………………..20
3.2 詞類劃分…………………………………………………………………..22
3.2.1 語態變化………………………………………………………..25
3.2.2 吸引附著式人稱代名詞………………………………………..26
3.2.3 祈使語態變化…………………………………………………..26
3.2.4 動前位置………………………………………………………..26
3.2.5 論元結構………………………………………………………..27
3.2.5.1主語選擇限制………………………………………………..27
3.2.5.2名詞組論元作補語…………………………………………..29
3.2.6 一般動詞主事語態限制………………………………………..29
3.2.7 一般動詞時貌標誌限制………………………………………..30
3.2.8 動詞組刪略……………………………………………………..30
3.2.9 小結……………………………………………………………..32
3.3 句法分布…………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.1 知識模態詞與否定詞的互動…………………………………..33
3.3.1.1 知識模態詞與已然否定詞………………………………..35
3.3.1.2 知識模態詞與未然否定詞………………………………..36
3.3.2 知識模態詞與時體詞的互動…………………………………..38
3.3.2.1 知識模態詞與完成貌……………………………………..38
3.3.2.2 知識模態詞與進行貌……………………………………..38
3.3.3 知識模態詞與疑問詞的互動…………………………………..39
3.3.4 小結……………………………………………………………..41
第四章 義務模態………………………………………………………………….42
4.1 義務模態詞………………………………………………………………..42
4.2 詞類劃分…………………………………………………………………..43
4.2.1 語態變化………………………………………………………..43
4.2.2 吸引附著式人稱代名詞………………………………………..44
4.2.3 祈使語態變化…………………………………………………..44
4.2.4 動前位置………………………………………………………..45
4.2.5 論元結構………………………………………………………..45
4.2.5.1主語選擇限制………………………………………………..45
4.2.5.2名詞組論元作補語…………………………………………..46
4.2.6 一般動詞主事語態限制………………………………………..47
4.2.7 一般動詞時貌標誌限制………………………………………..47
4.2.8 動詞組刪略……………………………………………………..48
4.2.9 小結……………………………………………………………..49
4.3 句法分布…………………………………………………………………..50
4.3.1 義務模態詞與否定詞的互動…………………………………..50
4.3.1.1 義務模態詞與已然否定詞………………………………..50
4.3.1.2 義務模態詞與未然否定詞………………………………..51
4.3.2 義務模態詞與時體詞的互動…………………………………..52
4.3.2.1 義務模態詞與完成貌……………………………………..52
4.3.2.2 義務模態詞與進行貌……………………………………..52
4.3.3 義務模態詞與疑問詞的互動…………………………………..53
4.3.4 小結……………………………………………………………..54
4.4 義務模態詞與知識模態詞之比較………………………………………..54
第五章 能願模態………………………………………………………………….57
5.1 能願模態詞………………………………………………………………..57
5.2 詞類劃分…………………………………………………………………..59
5.2.1 語態變化………………………………………………………..59
5.2.2 吸引附著式人稱代名詞………………………………………..60
5.2.3 祈使語態變化…………………………………………………..61
5.2.4 動前位置………………………………………………………..61
5.2.5 論元結構………………………………………………………..62
5.2.5.1主語選擇限制………………………………………………..62
5.2.5.2名詞組論元作補語…………………………………………..62
5.2.6 一般動詞主事語態限制………………………………………..63
5.2.7 一般動詞時貌標誌限制………………………………………..64
5.2.8 動詞組刪略……………………………………………………..64
5.2.9 小結……………………………………………………………..65
5.3 句法分布…………………………………………………………………..66
5.3.1 能願模態詞與否定詞的互動…………………………………..66
5.3.1.1 能願模態詞與已然否定詞………………………………..66
5.3.1.2 能願模態詞與未然否定詞………………………………..67
5.3.2 能願模態詞與時體詞的互動…………………………………..68
5.3.2.1 能願模態詞與完成貌……………………………………..68
5.3.2.2 能願模態詞與進行貌……………………………………..68
5.3.3 能願模態詞與疑問詞的互動…………………………………..69
5.3.4 小結……………………………………………………………..70
5.4 多重模態詞連用限制……………………………………………………..70
5.4.1 知識模態詞與義務模態詞之位階……………………………..72
5.4.2 知識模態詞與能願模態詞之位階……………………………..73
5.4.3 義務模態詞與能願模態詞之位階……………………………..73
5.4.4 知識模態詞、義務模態詞、能願模態詞之位階……………..73
第六章 結論……………………………………………………………………….75
6.1 模態詞語意分類及詞類劃分……………………………………………..75
6.2 模態詞與否定詞、時體詞的互動………………………………………..76
6.3 模態詞與疑問詞的互動…………………………………………………..76
6.4 多重模態詞連用限制……………………………………………………..76
6.5 結語………………………………………………………………………..77
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