臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

地震引起破裂帶鄰近區域岩石強度下降或是孔隙率增加以及應力和應變狀態的改變，造成區域性彈性介質受到擾動並進一步影響淺層地殼同震速度的變化。
為了探討台灣中央山脈地區2010年M 6.4甲仙地震以及2013年M 6.2南投序列地震斷層破裂引起的地殼應變與岩石強度改變的潛在性原因，我們使用中央氣象局地震觀測網 (CWBSN) 提供的短周期地震儀以及台灣寬頻地震網 (BATS) 提供的寬頻地震儀連續資料，並利用周遭噪訊交互相關函數 (CCF) 來重建經驗格林函數 (EGF)，透過比較疊加長時間與短時間的經驗格林函數表面波到時後尾波的走時偏移來得到地震前後地殼速度隨時間變化的關係。
由頻率範圍0.1-0.8Hz經驗格林函數計算過後的結果顯示，甲仙與南投地震前後均有明顯的速度改變，與測站區域位置進行比較，甲仙地震有較明顯同震速度下降區域為震央西方數公里處餘震活動頻繁地區，同時也為逆衝斷層上盤區域；南投地震明顯同震下降區域則為穿越震源之斷層上盤處，亦是餘震活動頻繁區域。
透過地震鄰近區域一維速度構造加以計算經驗格林函數主要周期3 - 5秒表面波尾波的敏感深度結果顯示，甲仙與南投地震速度變化結果敏感深度皆在10公里之內，暗示所量測到的同震速度變化皆由淺部構造或介質受到地震造成的擾動影響所致。為了探討彈性介質與速度改變的關聯性，我們利用有限斷層滑移分佈資料計算同震靜態體積在空間上的分佈並與速度變化分佈進行比較，發現在淺部地殼同震速度下降區域與靜態體積伸張區域位置結果一致。我們推論量測到的同震速度變化與地震應力造成之淺部地殼靜態體積應變改變結果相關。

Coseismic velocity reduction has been considered to be mediated by perturbations of stress and strain conditions in the crust and/or increased permeability/porosity of fractured rocks within the quake-damaged zones. To investigate potential changes and causes in crustal strains and rock properties of areas impacted by the earthquake ruptures of the two recent large events, Jiasian and Nantou, (Mw > 6 and focal depth > 20 km) occurring in the south Central Range of Taiwan, we construct empirical Green’s functions (EGFs) from cross-correlation functions (CCFs) of continuous ambient noise between available station pairs near the epicenters from the short-period Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network (CWBSN) and the Broadband Array in Taiwan for Seismology (BATS). The temporal variations in seismic velocity perturbations are estimated by measuring the relative time shifts of late-arriving coda waves between short-term and long-term stacked EGFs.
The resulting EGFs at 0.1-0.9 Hz show the statistically significant coseismic velocity reduction immediately after both the events. The velocity drop is detected most pronouncedly from the pairs with the interstation paths traversing through the hanging-wall block of the ruptured fault. The sensitivity of surface wave coda arrivals to shear wave speed in the dominant period range of 3-5 s is confined within the depth of 10 km, where the crust mostly experienced the coseismic dilatational strain change induced by the slip distribution from the finite-fault models. Compared with the coseismic slip distribution from GPS data and finite-fault inversion, peak ground velocity, and slip-induced volumetric strain, we suggest the coseismic velocity reduction associated with these two events is plausibly caused by the induced dilatational strain in the shallow part of the crust above the blind thrust ruptures.

目錄
口試委員會審定書 #
誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 地殼介質特性隨時間變化 1
1.1.1 地震前後地殼介質變化 1
1.1.2 地熱活動地殼介質變化 2
1.1.3 其他地殼介質變化 3
1.2 周遭噪訊與尾波特性 5
1.3 研究的地震 7
1.3.1 2010甲仙地震 7
1.3.2 2013南投序列地震 8
1.4 研究問題與探討 10
第二章 研究方法與資料分析 11
2.1 理論背景 11
2.1.1 周遭噪訊交互相關函數 11
2.1.2 尾波干涉技術. 13
2.2 資料收集及處理 18
2.2.1 儀器與連續資料 18
2.2.2 經驗格林函數重建 18
2.2.3 參考與現時格林函數重建 19
2.2.4 尾波時間窗的選擇 24
2.3 量測相對走時偏移方法 27
2.3.1 移動視窗交叉頻譜法 27
2.3.2 拉張法 29
第三章 研究結果 33
3.1 甲仙地震前後速度變化 34
3.2 南投地震前後速度變化 38
3.2.1 3月27日南投地震結果 38
3.2.2 6月2日南投地震結果 41
3.2.3 南投序列地震速度擾動結果數據比較 44
第四章 討論 48
4.1 頻率與影響深度 48
4.2 同震靜態體積應變 50
4.2.1 靜態體積應變與速度變化關聯 51
4.2.2 同震靜態體積應變與速度變化分佈 52
4.2.3 地震造成地殼非線性反映 53
4.3 GPS同震地表位移與強地動觀測 56
4.4 南投3月與6月地震比較 60
第五章 結論 63
參考文獻 64

圖目錄
圖1-1、 日本Tohoku地震前後速度及非均向性變化 3
圖1-2、 台灣台東地震前後淺地殼速度變化 4
圖1-3、 法國留尼旺島富爾奈斯火山活動期間速度變化與波形退相干性 4
圖1-4、 2009-2010墨西哥地區慢地震事件期間非火山長微震活動度與不同周期的速度變化比較圖 5
圖1-5、 噪訊源分布影響經驗格林函數正負時間軸對稱性差異示意圖 7
圖1-6、 甲仙地震有限斷層逆推的滑移量分布 8
圖1-7、 南投地震GPS同震水平位移與餘震分布 9
圖1-8、 短週期的次要微震所引起的台灣地區周遭噪訊分佈強度. 10
圖2-1、 二維周遭噪訊交互相關函數來源分佈與能量關係示意圖 13
圖2-2、 聲波多重散射模擬示意圖 17
圖2-3、 聲學實驗測試不同溫度下花崗岩樣本的速度變化 17
圖2-4、 研究使用測站與地震後一個月餘震分布圖 21
圖2-5、 S13感應器與STS-1感應器速度型儀器響應圖 22
圖2-6、 單日連續資料切割視窗示意圖 23
圖2-7、 經驗格林函數疊加天數與長時間參考格林函數相關係數關係圖 23
圖2-8、 CGF和RGF波形圖 24
圖2-9、 選取尾波時間窗方法示意圖 25
圖2-10、 選取尾波時間窗示意圖 25
圖2-11、 移動視窗交頻法量測走時偏差操過程 31
圖2-12、 拉張法量測走時偏差操作過程 32
圖3-1、 經驗格林函數疊加方法 33
圖3-2、 SSD-WTP站兩種疊加方法量測結果比較 34
圖3-3、 甲仙地震SSD-WTP站與CHN1-SSD站結果 35
圖3-4、 甲仙地震MWCSM結果 36
圖3-5、 甲仙地震拉張法量測結果與區域地表構造的分佈 36
圖3-6、 甲仙地震SSD-WTP測站對震前與震MWCSM量測結果 37
圖3-7、 南投地震期間3月速度變化結果 38
圖3-8、 南投3月地震MWCSM結果 39
圖3-9、 南投3月地震拉張法量測結果在區域地表構造上的分佈 39
圖3-10、 南投3月地震SSLB-WUSB測站對震前與震後MWCSM量測結果 40
圖3-11、 南投地震期間6月速度變化結果 41
圖3-12、 南投6月地震MWCSM結果 42
圖3-13、 南投6月地震拉張法量測結果在區域地表構造上的分佈 42
圖3-14、 南投6月地震TDCB-WUSB測站對震前與震後MWCSM量測結果 43
圖4-1、 甲仙地震區域基態表面波相速度受剪力波速度擾動一維敏感度算核隨深度變化與一維速度模型圖 49
圖4-2、 南投地震區域基態表面波相速度受剪力波速度擾動一維敏感度算核隨深度變化與一維速度模型圖 50
圖4-3、 甲仙地震側向深度5公里同震靜態體積應變與地震前後一個月平均速度變化分布圖 54
圖4-4、 同震靜態體積應變SSD和WTP兩測站連線沿深度方向的剖面 54
圖4-5、 南投3月與6月地震側向深度5公里的同震靜態體積應變與地震前後一個月平均速度變化分布圖 55
圖4-6、 甲仙地震PGA和PGV在地表的分布圖 57
圖4-7、 甲仙地震GPS逆推得到同震滑移量投影至地表的分佈 58
圖4-8、 甲仙地震PGA量值與在地表的分佈 58
圖4-9、 3/27南投地震PGA量值與在地表的分佈 59
圖4-10、 6/2南投地震PGA量值在地表的分佈 59
圖4-11、 同震靜態體積應變於SSLB-CHGB測站對沿深度方向的剖面 61
圖4-12、 南投3月與6月地震前一個月平均速度擾動直方圖 62

表目錄
表1-1、 甲仙與南投地震相關資訊. 9
表2-1、 甲仙與南投地震資料與測站相關資訊. 19
表2-2、 甲仙地震使用測站位置資訊. 20
表2-3、 南投地震使用測站位置資訊. 20
表2-4、 建置格林函數參數 24
表2-5、 南投地震使用尾波時間窗與測站間距 26
表3-1、 南投3月地震前後一個月平均速度差值 45
表3-2、 南投6月地震前後一個月平均速度差值 46
表3-3、 南投3月與6月地震前後一個月拉張法平均速度差值比較 47

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