花壇植物大量應用於都市戶外景觀綠美化，但易遭遇乾旱逆境及淹水逆境。本研究將數種臺灣常見之花壇用草花種植於不同介質含水量(volumetric water contents, VWC)處理下，調查其生長狀況及觀賞品質並測量光合作用參數，以判斷參試之花壇植物之耐旱性及耐濕性。
本研究將植物種植於65%與70% VWC潮濕處理、40% VWC處理、20% VWC乾旱處理及20/70%乾旱復水處理下，結果顯示，所有參試植物在40% VWC處理下能有最佳之表現，而20/70%處理之生長量雖未如40% VWC處理佳，但株型較緊湊，也可維持開花及良好觀賞品質。
在夏季草花中，夏菫(Torenia fournieri Lind. ‘Clown Blue and White’)在20% VWC乾旱處理之淨光合作用速率、葉片數、分枝數、開花數、地上部及地下部乾重皆最低、也使下位葉黃化、落葉；但在65% VWC處理下生長良好，淨光合作用速率、花朵數、葉片數、分枝數、地上部乾重皆最高，顯示夏菫為不耐旱但耐濕之植物。天使花(Angelonia salicariifolia Humb. &; Bonpl. ‘Serena Lavender Pink’)對不同VWC處理之反應與夏菫類似，皆以20% VWC處理下花朵數、分枝數、地上部乾重最低，65% VWC處理最高，顯示天使花為不耐旱但耐濕之植物。繁星花[Pentas lanceolata (Forsk.) Schum ‘Skystar Deep Rose’]之葉片數、分枝數及地上部乾重皆以20% VWC處理最低，但仍能維持淨光合作用速率，65%與40% VWC處理間則無差異，顯示繁星花為喜濕之植物。翠蘆莉(Ruellia brittoniana Leonard ‘Emerald Pink’)之分枝數及地上部乾重、淨光合作用速率皆以20% VWC處理最低、65% VWC處理最高，顯示翠蘆莉為不耐旱但耐濕之植物。
夏季草花中，70% VWC處理使雞冠花(Celosia cristata L. ‘New Look Red’)花序及葉片萎凋，葉片數減少，觀賞品質不良，光合作用速率因氣孔因素限制而下降，但20% VWC處理下葉片無明顯逆境表現，淨光合作用速率與40% VWC處理無差異，顯示雞冠花為稍耐旱但不耐濕之植物。黃帝菊[Melampodium paludosum (Pers) DC. ‘Million Gold’]在20% 與70% VWC處理下花朵數、分枝數、地上部乾重、淨光合作用速率皆較40% VWC處理低，觀賞品質不良，顯示黃帝菊為不耐旱、不耐濕之植物。彩葉草[Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd. ‘Green Cloud’]葉片數、地上部及地下部乾重、觀賞品質皆以70% VWC處理者最高，20% VWC處理之株型較小，但外觀無明顯逆境表現，因此可維持觀賞品質，顯示彩葉草為稍耐旱、喜濕之植物。千日紅(Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Buddy Purple’)在70% VWC處理之地上部乾重較低，且下位葉黃化、落葉，導致觀賞品質不良，淨光合作用速率因氣孔因素及非氣孔因素而下降，而在20%與40% VWC處理之葉片數、地上部乾重、淨光合作用速率無差異，亦能維持觀賞品質，顯示千日紅為稍耐旱不耐濕之植物。
參試之日日春[Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don]六品種中，除‘Mediterranean’外，皆以70% VWC處理之花朵數、花朵直徑、觀賞品質最低，且葉片黃化、落葉。在20% VWC處理之地上部植株較小，但能維持開花及葉片濃綠，觀賞品質較良好。除‘Mediterranean’外，品種間對水分環境之耐受性差異不大。顯示日日春為稍耐旱、不耐濕之花壇植物。而‘Mediterranean’在70% VWC處理仍能維持花朵開放及下位葉不脫落，分枝數及地上部乾重也高於20% VWC處理，可維持觀賞品質良好，顯示‘Mediterranean’品種為日日春品種中稍耐旱且較耐濕者。
在秋冬季草花中，矮牽牛(Petunia ×hybrida Hort. ex E. Vilm. ) ‘Daddy Red’和‘Eagle Blue’皆以70% VWC處理下葉片數、花朵數、分枝數、淨光合作用速率最低，觀賞品質不良，顯示矮牽牛為不耐濕植物，在20% VWC處理下雖植株較小，但仍可維持開花及觀賞品質。非洲鳳仙花(Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.) ‘Accent Rose’和‘Candy Rose’皆以20% VWC處理之葉片數、花朵數、地上部乾重、觀賞品質、淨光合作用速率最低，但以70% VWC處理者最高且與40% VWC處理無差異，顯示非洲鳳仙花為不耐旱、喜濕之植物。四季秋海棠(Begonia semperflorens-cultorum hort.) ‘Party Scarlet’在20%及70% VWC處理下表現相似，但在20% VWC處理之葉色較淡，觀賞品質較低。‘Super Olympia Red’則以70% VWC處理之葉片數、花朵數、地上部乾重高於20% VWC處理，但仍可維持觀賞品質，顯示四季秋海棠為稍耐旱、耐濕之植物，且‘Super Olympia Red’耐濕性較‘Party Scarlet’佳。
在秋冬季草花中，70% VWC處理使一串紅(Salvia splendens Ker-Grawl. ‘Vista Red’)及粉萼鼠尾草(Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Victoria Blue’)葉片萎凋導致觀賞品質下降，也使一串紅之花序萎凋、脫落，顯示一串紅及粉萼鼠尾草為不耐濕之植物，而兩者在20% VWC處理之地上部乾重及淨光合作用速率下降，但仍能維持觀賞品質。五彩石竹(Dianthus hybrida ‘Super Parfait Strawberry’)之葉片數、花朵數、地上部乾重在各處理間皆無差異，但70% VWC處理使下位葉黃化、成失水狀，導致觀賞品質較低，顯示石竹為稍耐旱、不耐濕之植物。六倍利(Lobelia erinus Thunb. ‘Riviera Mix’)在20% VWC處理之花朵數、花朵直徑、分枝數及地上部乾重最低，但在70% VWC處理者生長良好，與40% VWC處理無差異，顯示六倍利為不耐旱但喜濕之植物。70% VWC處理會使萬壽菊(Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Yellow’)及孔雀草(Tagetes patula L. ‘Safari Yellow’)下位葉黃化，也使萬壽菊花朵數較少，孔雀草葉片數減少，導致觀賞品質較低，顯示孔雀草及萬壽菊為不耐濕之植物。天竺葵(Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey ‘Multibloom Scarlet’)在70% VWC處理之葉片數、分枝數、地上部乾重、淨光合作用速率最低，在20% VWC處理下株型較小，但仍可維持開花且無明顯逆境表現，可維持其觀賞品質，顯示天竺葵為稍耐旱、不耐濕之植物。銀葉菊(Senecio cineraria DC. ‘Silverado’)在70% VWC處理之葉片數、地上部乾重、觀賞品質皆最高，在20% VWC處理雖葉片數、分枝數較低、株型較小，但無明顯逆境表現，因此可維持觀賞品質，顯示銀葉菊為稍耐旱、喜濕之植物。

Bedding plants are widely used in urban landscaping, but urban condtions easily cause drought and flooding stress to the plants. In this research, several common bedding plant species and cultivars in Taiwan were grown under different substrate volumetric water content (VWC) treatments, plant growth, quality, and photosynthesis parameters were measured to have a better understanding of their drought- or moisture-tolerability.
In this research, bedding plant were grown under 65% and 70% VWC moisture treatment, 40% VWC treatment, 20% VWC drought treatment, and 20/70% VWC drought and rewater treatment. Result showed that, all tested plant species and cultivars grown best under 40% VWC, rather than commonly practice of 20/70% VWC treatment, which could maintain plant compact and flowering and performed desirable plant quality.
Amoung the summer bedding plant species and cultivars tested, Torenia fournieri Lind. ‘Clown Blue and White’ under 20% VWC had the lowest net photosynthesis rate (Pn), leaf number, branch number, shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), and exhibited leaf chlorosis and leaf drop, Torenia had best growth and performance and the highest Pn under 65% VWC treatment, Angelonia salicariifolia Humb. &; Bonpl. ‘Serena Lavender Pink’ and Ruellia brittoniana Leonard ‘Emerald Pink’ under various VWC treatments had similar performances to Torenia, thus Torenia, Angelonia and Ruellia were categorized as drought-susceptible and moisture-tolerant species. Pentas lanceolata (Forsk.) Schum ‘Skystar Deep Rose’ had the lowest leaf number, branch number, and SDW when grown under 20% VWC treatment, but had the highest leaf and branch number and SDW under 40% and 65% VWC treatment. However Pn of Pentas did not decrease significantly under 20% VWC treatment, and therefore could be categorized as moisture-loving species. Celosia cristata L. ‘New Look Red’ grown under 70% VWC treatment had wilted inflorescences and leaves, and decreased leaf number, and lead to poor plant quality. Moisture caused decreased Pn mainly due to stomatal limitation. Leave did not express stress symptoms when grown under 20% VWC treatment, and Pn under 20% VWC did not differ to 40% VWC treatement Thus Celosia was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-susceptible species. Melampodium paludosum (Pers) DC. ‘Million Gold’ had the lowest flower and branch number, SDW, and Pn when grown under 20% and 70% VWC treatments, and therefore Melampodium was categorized as drought and moisture-susceptible species. Leaf number, SDW, RDW, and plant quality of Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd. ‘Green Cloud’ were highest under 70% VWC treatments, and lowest under 20% VWC treatment. However, there was had no obvious stress symptom dspite that the plants were smaller under 20% VWC treatment. Therefore Solenostemon was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-loving species. Gomphrena globosa L. ‘Buddy Purple’ had the lowest SDW, and plant quality, and lower leaf chlorosis, leaf drop when grown under 70% VWC treatment. Pn was drcreased due to both stomatal and non-stomatal limitation. Gomphrena grown under 20% VWC and 40% VWC treatments did not different in leaf number, SDW, and Pn, Thus Gomphrena was categorized as drought -tolerant and moisture-susceptible species.
Except ‘Mediterranean Rose Halo’, six cultivars of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don had the lowest flower number, flower diameter, plant quality, and leaf chlorosis and leaf drop under 70% VWC treatment. All plants grown under 20% VWC treatment maintained flowering and deep green color leaf, with good plant quality, thus Catharanthus was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-susceptible species. ‘Mediterranean Rose Halo’ maintained flowering, with less leaf drop, and good plant quality when grown under 70% VWC treatment, suggesting that ‘Mediterranean Rose Halo’ might be a moisture-tolerant Catharanthus cultivar.
For the winter and spring bedding plant species tested, Petunia ×hybrida Hort. ex E. Vilm. ‘Daddy Red’ and ‘Eagle Blue’ both had the lowest leaf, flower, and branch number, Pn, and poor plant quality when grown under 70% VWC treatment. Petunias maintained flowering and plant quality under 20% VWC treatment though the plants were smaller. Thus, Petunia was categorized as moisture-susceptible species. Leaf, and flower number, SDW, plant quality, and Pn of Impatiens walleriana Hook. f. ‘Accent Rose’ and ‘Candy Rose’ were lowest when grown under 20% VWC treatment and highest under 70% VWC treatment. Therefore, Impatiens was categorized as drought-susceptible and moisture-loving species. Begonia semperflorens-cultorum hort. ‘Party Scarlet’ had similar performance between 20% and 70% VWC treatments, but plants had light green leaves, with lower quality under 20% VWC. Leaf and flower number, and SDW of Begonia ‘Super Olympia Red’ were higher under 70% VWC than 20% VWC treatment. Begonia was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant species. ‘Super Olympia Red’ had higher moisture-tolerance than ‘Party Scarlet’. Salvia splendens Ker-Grawl. ‘Vista Red’ and Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Victoria Blue’ under 70% VWC had wilted leaves and inflorescences and poor plant quality, and thus Salvia was categorized as moisture-susceptible species. Leaf number and flower number, SDW of Dianthus hybrida ‘Super Parfait Strawberry’ did not differ amount various VWC treatments. However, plants under 70% VWC had leaf chlorosis and wilting in lower leaves, and thus Dianthus was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture- susceptible species. Lobelia erinus Thunb. ‘Riviera Mix’ had the lowest flower number, flower diameter, branch number, and SDW when grown under 20% VWC treatment, but had the best performance under 70% VWC treatment. Therefore Lobelia was categorized as drought-susceptible and moisture-loving species. Under 70% VWC treatments resulted in decreased leaf and flower number of Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Yellow’ and Tagetes patula L. ‘Safari Yellow’. Tagetes was therefore categorized as moisture -susceptible species. Pelargonium hortorum Bailey ‘Multibloom Scarlet’ had the lowest leaf and branch number, SDW, and Pn when grown under 70% VWC treatment. In contrast, although smaller, plants maintained flowering and quality, with no sign of drought stress when grown under 20% VWC treatment, Thus Pelargonium was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-susceptible species. Senecio cineraria DC. ‘Silverado’ had the highest leaf number, SDW, and plant quality when grown under 70% VWC treatment. Plants under 20% VWC were smaller, had fewer leaves and branches, but remained good quality without any sign of drought stress. Thus Senecio was categorized as drought-tolerant and moisture-loving species.

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract iv
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xiii
前言(Introduction) 1
前人研究(Literature Review) 3
一、植物對乾旱逆境之生長及生理反應 3
二、淹水逆境對植物生長及生理之影響 11
材料與方法(Materials and Methods) 15
試驗一、介質含水量對夏菫、繁星花、天使花、翠蘆莉光合作用及生長之影響 15
試驗二、介質含水量對雞冠花、黃帝菊、彩葉草、千日紅生長及光合作用之影響 17
試驗三、介質含水量對不同日日春品種生長之影響 18
試驗四、介質含水量對矮牽牛、非洲鳳仙花、四季秋海棠之不同品種生長及光合作用之影響 19
試驗五、介質含水量對一串紅、粉萼鼠尾草、五彩石竹、六倍利、萬壽菊、孔雀草、天竺葵、銀葉菊生長及光合作用之影響 20
結果(Results) 22
試驗一、介質含水量對夏季夏蓳、繁星花、天使花、翠蘆莉生長及光合作用之影響 22
試驗二、介質含水量對夏季草花雞冠花、黃帝菊、彩葉草、千日紅生長及光合作用之影響 24
試驗三、介質含水量對日日春不同品種生長之影響 28
試驗四、介質含水量對冬春季草花矮牽牛、非洲鳳仙花、四季秋海棠生長及光合作用之影響 32
試驗五、介質含水量對冬春季草花一串紅、粉萼鼠尾草、石竹、六倍利、萬壽菊、孔雀草、天竺葵、銀葉菊生長及光合作用之影響 36
討論(Discussion) 106
一、介質含水量對花壇植物生長之影響 106
二、介質含水量對花壇植物光合作用之影響 114
三、花壇植物水分管理及水分耐受性指標 118
參考文獻(References) 120
附錄(Appendix) 128

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