臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

水污染為近年來重要的環境及公共健康議題。本研究中以臭氧作為加氯預處理，將含氮之個人保健藥物進行降解。本研究中將Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole 及Trimethoprim 分別以預臭氧加氯程序進行實驗。Diclofenac為解熱鎮痛常用藥品並為地面水體檢測殘留中常見之個人保健藥物，Sulfamethoxazole 及Trimethoprim則做為抗生劑使用，亦為地面水體或地下水體中常被偵測之個人保健用品。結果顯示，隨著預臭氧劑量增加SUVA值將減少，原因為化合物中的環狀結構會受到臭氧氧化並可能為加氯副產物生成機制的重要因素。
本實驗中偵測鹵乙&;#33096;、三氯硝基甲烷及含鹵丙酮等消毒副產物。並使用三種預臭氧劑量對於加氯副產物生成之影響討論。其中，提高預臭氧劑量將增加含鹵乙&;#33096;(Haloacetonitriles, HANs)、三氯硝基甲烷(Trichloronitromethane, TCNM)及含鹵丙酮(Haloketones, HKs)之生成速率及其濃度。但亦增加含鹵乙&;#33096;和含鹵丙酮之水解速率。氯仿為整體程序中生成最主要之加氯副產物。TCNM 為預臭氧加氯程序之指標性含氮消毒副產物，本研究中亦發現其生成趨勢與氯仿相似，均為隨著加氯反應時間增加而增加至穩定濃度。且隨著預臭氧劑量的提升將增高其濃度。
針對Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole 及Trimethoprim在加氯處理程序中生成加氯副產物之問題。由本研究結果顯示，預臭氧處理可做為工程應用程序以降低藥物毒性影響，但伴隨產生的加氯副產物(TCNM等)仍需進一步考量其導致的風險。

Water pollution degrades environmental quality and adversely impacts public health. PPCPs are one of the pollutants which may contribute adverse impact to our environment. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory , Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim are the antibiotic. This three drugs was usually detected in surface water. In this research , ozonation was used as a pre-treatment process to oxidize the nitrogen containing PPCPs. The UV254 absorbance (or SUVA) , which is proportional to the aromatic content of water , was selected as an indicator for organic compound and DBPs formation.
The effects of pre-ozonation on the formations of haloacetonitriles , trichloronitromethane and the haloketones were investigated in this study. The pre-ozonation dosages used in this experiment were 2.4mg/L ,4.8mg/L and 7.2mg/L , respectively. Results show that higher ozone dosage would increase the formation rate of DBP and elevate the maximum DBP concentration to a higher level during the 7 day chlorination process. However , it was found that DCAN , DCP , TCP decay rapidly with increasing ozone dosages levels. Chloroform , a hydrolysis byproduct of other DBPs , was the major DBP species in the pre-ozonation plus chlorination processes. Chloroform was formed rapidly during the chlorination process and steadily maintain its maximum concentration. TCNM , the most concerned nitrogen containing DBP was chosen as an indicator to evaluate the pre-ozonation effect. The formation trend of TCNM was studied and was found to be similar to that of chloroform. The concentration of TCNM was increasing with the pre-ozonation dosages level.
In this research , the pre-ozonation is recommended to be the treatment technology to treat the Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in drinking water treatment process. But the DBPs formation (like TCNM ) would cause the risk which need to consider in the further study

誌謝 I
Abstract II
摘要 IV
Contents V
List of Figures IX
List of Tables XIV
Oral Defense Comments XVI
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1
1-1 Background 1-1
1-2 Objectives 1-3
Chapter 2 Literature review 2-1
2-1 Characteristics of nitrogen containing PPCPs 2-1
2-1-1 Sulfamethoxazole 2-1
2-1-2 Diclofenac 2-2
2-1-3 Trimethoprim 2-3
2-2 Ozonation 2-4
2-2-1 Ozonation mechanism 2-6
2-2-1-1 Direct ozonation 2-7
2-2-1-2 Indirect ozonation 2-11
2-2-2 Pre-ozonation 2-13
2-3 Chlorination 2-15
2-3-1 Formation of disinfection by-products 2-16
2-3-2 The Formation Mechanisms of halogenated DBPs during chlorination 2-20
2-4 Toxicity Test via Bioassays 2-26
2-4-1 Mechanism of luminescent bacteria assay 2-30
2-4-2 The luminescent bacteria assay 2-31
2-4-3 Comparing the sensitivity of LBTA with other bioassays 2-33
2-4-4 The application of luminescent bacteria on environmental monitoring - For water samples 2-36
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods 3-1
3-1 Target compound 3-2
3-2 Ozonation process 3-3
3-3 Chlorination 3-4
3-4 N –PPCP analysis - HPLC 3-6
3-5 Disinfection byproducts analysis – Purge and Trap GC-ECD 3-8
3-6 Toxicity analysis 3-13
3-7 Total organic carbon analysis 3-15
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions 4-1
4-1 Ozonation of Diclofenac ,Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim 4-1
4-1-1 Degradation of Diclofenac and TOC Removal in Different Ozone Dosages 4-1
4-1-2 Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole and TOC Removal in Different Ozone Dosages 4-5
4-1-3 Degradation of Trimethoprim and TOC Removal in Different Ozone Dosages Levels 4-9
4-2 DBPs Formation during Pre-ozonation/Chlorination Processes. 4-12
4-2-1 Development of predict model for Chloroform ,DCAN ,TCNM , and 1,1-DCP , 1,1,1-TCP formations 4-12
4-2-2 DBPs formation of Diclofenac via pre-ozonation/chlorination processes 4-18
4-2-3 DBPs formation of Sulfamethoxazole via pre-ozonation /chlorination process 4-29
4-2-4 DBPs formation of Trimethoprim via Pre-ozonation /Chlorination process 4-39
4-3 Toxicological Degradastions of Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim during Pre-ozonation/Chlorination Processes 4-48
4-3-1 Toxicity degradation of Diclofenac via the pre-ozonation /chlorination processes 4-49
4-3-2 Toxicity degradation of Sulfamethoxazole during pre-ozonation / chlorination process 4-53
4-3-3 Toxicity degradation of Trimethoprim during pre-ozonation / chlorination process 4-57
4-4 Experimental Data Factor Analysis 4-61
4-4-1 Factor analysis of Diclofenac via Pre-ozonation/Chlorination processes 4-61
4-4-2 Factor analysis of Sulfamethoxazole via Pre-ozonation /Chlorination processes. 4-65
4-4-3 Factor analysis of Trimethoprim via Pre-ozonation /Chlorination processes 4-68
4-5 Summary of Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim via Pre-ozonation/Chlorination Processes. 4-71
4-5-1 Summary of Diclofenac , Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim via Ozonation 4-71
4-5-2 Summary of DBPs Formation of Target Compounds via Pre-ozonation /Chlorination processes 4-74
4-5-3 Summary of Toxicity Transmutation of Target Compounds via Pre-ozonation/Chlorination processes. 4-78
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 5-1
5-1 Conclusions 5-1
5-2 Recommendations 5-3
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