這項研究是應對瑞利後向散射的問題（RB）和菲涅耳反射的雙向波分複用無源光網絡（WDM - PON）系統上（ FR ）的影響。所使用的總體方案為基礎，在單光纖單波長（ SWSF ）拓撲環回技術。在一方面，這種拓撲結構帶來了纖維的需要的減少量和光纖帶寬容量的即興方面的優勢。但在另一方面，它創建有關的RB和FR沿傳輸鏈路效應的存在串音問題。
環回技術是在WDM- PON的頻繁使用，避免使用有色上游發射機。播種光從光線路終端（OLT）在中心局（CO）發送到所述光網絡單元（ONU ），其中，上行信號被編碼在播種燈帶調製裝置，例如反射式半導體光放大器（ RSOA ）或反射電吸收調製器（令） ，取決於系統設計。在這些系統中， RB和FR可以在上行傳輸引起嚴重的退化（光學差拍干涉噪聲）時，信號被沿全雙工光纖配置傳播。 RB噪聲是在光纖中傳播的固有減值，其水平取決於所使用的纖維類型和結構決定的，但是（可能）獨立於系統的調製格式。然而， FR噪聲可以通過選擇光器件的相應回波損耗和仔細處理光纖連接和拼接得到緩解。
分析方法/近似被用來精確地處理在傳統的WDM -PON系統的這些問題。此外，現有的方法可能當與複雜系統架構處理遇到一些困難。這種複雜的情況下，包括時分複用（TDM） PON的結構，其中的光放大器和光功率分路器或分用器的一個組合時在遠程節點（RN ） ，並且光學增益多級頂端的長距離WDM混合還需要在這些系統。因此，本研究提出並演示了簡單而系統的轉移矩陣（ T矩陣）分析方法的RB和FR信號傳輸串擾各類單纖雙向WDM-PON系統的累積影響。

This research was conducted to deal with the problem of Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and Fresnel reflection (FR) effects on bidirectional wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) systems. The general scheme that was used based-on a single-fiber single-wavelength (SWSF) topology with loop-back technique. In one hand, this topology brings advantage in terms of the reduction amount of fiber requires and improvisation of the fiber bandwidth capacity. But on the other hand, it creates the crosstalk problems regarding to the existence of RB and FR effects along the transmission link.
The loop-back technique is frequently applied in WDM-PONs to avoid the use of colored upstream transmitters. Seeding lights are transmitted from the optical line terminal (OLT) at the central office (CO) to the optical network units (ONUs), where upstream signals are encoded on the seeding lights with modulation devices, such as reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) or reflective electro-absorption modulator (REAM), depends on the system design. In these systems, RB and FR can cause severe degradations (optical beat interferometric noises) on upstream transmission when signals are transmitted along the full-duplex fiber configuration. RB noise is an intrinsic impairment in the fiber propagation, and its level is determined by the fiber type and configuration used, but (might be) independent with the system modulation format. However, FR noise can be mitigated by choosing the appropriate return loss of optical devices and carefully handling the fiber connection and splicing.
Analytical methods/approximations have been used to accurately deal with these problems in conventional WDM-PON systems. Moreover, the existing approaches may encounter some difficulties when dealing with the complex system architectures. Such complex cases include the long-reach hybrid WDM on top of time division multiplexing (TDM) PON structures, where a combination of optical amplifiers and optical power splitters or demultiplexers is employed at the remote node (RN), and multiple stages of optical gains are needed in those systems. Therefore, this research proposes and demonstrates the simple and systematic transfer matrix (T-matrix) method for analyzing the accumulated effects of RB and FR crosstalk on signal transmission in various types of single-fiber bidirectional WDM-PON systems.

Dedication
Abstract i
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents v
List of Greek Symbols viii
List of Tables and Figures ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Why Passive Optical Networks (PONs)? 1
1.2 Bidirectional WDM-PON Systems 2
1.3 Research Motivation and Objectives 4
1.4 Dissertation Overview 5
2 FEATURES OF TRANSMISSION IN PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS 7
2.1 PON’s Revolution 7
2.1.1 Conventional Passive Optical Networks (C-PONs) 8
2.1.2 Emergence of WDM-PON Systems and Technologies 10
2.1.3 Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks (LR-PONs) 12
2.2 Review on Signal Impairments in Optical Fibers 16
2.2.1 Introduction to Rayleigh Scattering Loss 16
2.2.2 Generic Model of RB Distribution in Single-Mode Optical Fibers 18
2.2.3 Discrete Fresnel Reflections 21
2.3 Conclusions 22
3 ANALYTICAL METHOD TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF RAYLEIGH BACKSCATTERING AND FRESNEL REFLECTIONS ON SINGLE-FIBER LOOP-BACK ACCESS NETWORKS 25
3.1 Performance Analysis of Conventional WDM-PONs 26
3.2 Performance Analysis of Long-Reach WDM-PONs 29
3.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 31
A. Conventional WDM-PONs 32
B. Long-Reach WDM-PONs 34
3.4 Conclusions 37
3.5 Performance Analysis of Rayleigh Backscattering Effects in 105 km Long-Reach RSOA-based Hybrid WDM/TDM PON 37
I. Introduction 38
II. Theoretical Basis 39
III. Simulation Results and Analysis 40
IV. Conclusions 43
3.6 Mitigates the Effects of RB and FR in WDM-PON Systems 44
4 TRANSFER MATRIX MODELING AND ANALYSIS FOR INVESTIGATION OF BACKSCATTERING AND REFLECTION EFFECTS ON WDM-PON SYSTEMS 45
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Transfer Matrix Analysis for Systems with Back-Reflections 47
A. Discontinuity (Fresnel reflection) 50
B. Feeder or drop fiber 51
C. Remote node (RN): passive and/or active components. 52
D. Reflective ONU (RONU) ?_ Transmissive ONU 52

4.3 C/S Ratio of Basic WDM-PON Systems with Loop-Back Scheme 53
4.4 C/S Ratio of Cross-Seeding WDM-PON with Loop-Back Scheme 55
5 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 57
5.1 Simple & Basic WDM-PON Systems with Fresnel Reflections 57
5.2 Long-Reach Hybrid WDM/TDM PON Systems 61
5.3 Cross-Seeding WDM-PON Systems 63
A. Upstream Analysis 64
B. Downstream Analysis 68
5.4 Conclusions 69
6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 71
6.1 Future Research 72
6.2 Last Remarks 74
REFERENCES 75
Appendix A. Publications Related to Analytical Method in Last Six Years 85
Appendix B. Total C/S Ratio Power for Long-Reach WDM/TDM-PON 86
Appendix C. Mitigation Schemes for RB & FR Noise Reduction in PON Systems 87
Appendix D. List of Abbreviations 89
Appendix E. Research Publications 91
Short-Bio .. 95

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