臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The synergy between fiber reinforced concrete technologies and high volume pozzolanic material added self-consolidating concretes (SCC) may have motivating superior advantages that can be exploited by many concrete industries. The inclusion of fibers primarily for the improvements of mechanical properties of concrete such as weakness in tension, more brittle behavior and propagation of cracks. However, the casting of fiber reinforced concrete requires greater care of construction, more deliberate planning and workmanship than the normal concrete without fibers. Additionally for effective benefits of fibers on the concrete properties; the self-compactness of the concrete will play a great roll for better controlled fiber dispersion randomly throughout the concrete matrix. On the other hand, concrete construction industry is not a sustainable technology and an environmentally friendly process for many reasons. One of the main reason may be the principal key ingredient of concrete as binder is Portland cement and its production for clinker becomes a major contributor to the man-made CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in global warming and climate change. Therefore, in this study solid industrial by-products of fly ash and a ground residual rice husk ash from steam boiler were replaced the Portland cement by more than 50% as a binder for the fiber reinforced SCCs production. To investigate the effects of fibers on the properties of the rice husk ash added high volume fly ash SCC; two types of fibers, polypropylene (PP) and steel fibers (SF) with the inclusion dosage of each 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% by volume of concrete were used. And also a hybrid fiber (HF) which is a combine of PP and SF were used to identify the clear effect of fibers. Then the fiber reinforced SCCs were compared with two control self-consolidating concretes without fibers, the one with similar composition mixture of the fiber reinforced concrete and the other with fully Portland cement as binder.
The workability of the concretes was assessed for better fibers distribution control and orientation, and homogeneity of the concrete by slump flow test for filling ability, T50 and V-funnel testes for viscosity and J-ring test for passing ability. Even though the inclusion of both steel and polypropylene fibers were hinder the flow characteristics of SCC but by strictly following Densified Mixture Design Algorithm (DMDA) and with the help of high dosage of superplasticizer all mix proportions were controlled to slump flow range of 660 – 750 mm. The mechanical hardened properties of all concretes were carried out by compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, and dynamic modulus of elasticity and rigidity. Furthermore, the addition of fibers were asses the durability investigation by chloride-ion penetration, electrical surface resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity and sulfate attack. The hardened properties of all concretes with and without fiber addition founds that generally good durable performance. Moreover, the 91 days average compressive strength of the steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced SCCs were obtained within the range of 54 – 65MPa and 36 – 38MPa respectively. Whereas the two control concretes without fiber were obtained a 91 days average compressive strength of 41 and 46MPa for the concrete with the same composition matrix as the fiber reinforced concretes and the other with fully Portland cement as binder respectively.

The synergy between fiber reinforced concrete technologies and high volume pozzolanic material added self-consolidating concretes (SCC) may have motivating superior advantages that can be exploited by many concrete industries. The inclusion of fibers primarily for the improvements of mechanical properties of concrete such as weakness in tension, more brittle behavior and propagation of cracks. However, the casting of fiber reinforced concrete requires greater care of construction, more deliberate planning and workmanship than the normal concrete without fibers. Additionally for effective benefits of fibers on the concrete properties; the self-compactness of the concrete will play a great roll for better controlled fiber dispersion randomly throughout the concrete matrix. On the other hand, concrete construction industry is not a sustainable technology and an environmentally friendly process for many reasons. One of the main reason may be the principal key ingredient of concrete as binder is Portland cement and its production for clinker becomes a major contributor to the man-made CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in global warming and climate change. Therefore, in this study solid industrial by-products of fly ash and a ground residual rice husk ash from steam boiler were replaced the Portland cement by more than 50% as a binder for the fiber reinforced SCCs production. To investigate the effects of fibers on the properties of the rice husk ash added high volume fly ash SCC; two types of fibers, polypropylene (PP) and steel fibers (SF) with the inclusion dosage of each 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% by volume of concrete were used. And also a hybrid fiber (HF) which is a combine of PP and SF were used to identify the clear effect of fibers. Then the fiber reinforced SCCs were compared with two control self-consolidating concretes without fibers, the one with similar composition mixture of the fiber reinforced concrete and the other with fully Portland cement as binder.
The workability of the concretes was assessed for better fibers distribution control and orientation, and homogeneity of the concrete by slump flow test for filling ability, T50 and V-funnel testes for viscosity and J-ring test for passing ability. Even though the inclusion of both steel and polypropylene fibers were hinder the flow characteristics of SCC but by strictly following Densified Mixture Design Algorithm (DMDA) and with the help of high dosage of superplasticizer all mix proportions were controlled to slump flow range of 660 – 750 mm. The mechanical hardened properties of all concretes were carried out by compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, drying shrinkage, and dynamic modulus of elasticity and rigidity. Furthermore, the addition of fibers were asses the durability investigation by chloride-ion penetration, electrical surface resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity and sulfate attack. The hardened properties of all concretes with and without fiber addition founds that generally good durable performance. Moreover, the 91 days average compressive strength of the steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced SCCs were obtained within the range of 54 – 65MPa and 36 – 38MPa respectively. Whereas the two control concretes without fiber were obtained a 91 days average compressive strength of 41 and 46MPa for the concrete with the same composition matrix as the fiber reinforced concretes and the other with fully Portland cement as binder respectively.

Abstract i
Acknowledgements iii
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
English and Greek Alphabetical Notations xi
Chapter I
Introduction
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the research 2
1.3 Thesis organization 3
1.4 Research organization flow chart 4
Chapter II
Literature Review
2.1 Historical and recent overviews of using fly ash and rice husk ash in concrete 7
2.2 Historical and recent overviews of fiber application in concrete 10
2.3 Historical and recent overviews of Self-consolidating concrete 13
2.4 Literature reviews in combination of fiber reinforced concrete with high volume pozzolanic materials self-consolidating concrete 13
2.5 Thesis significance in comparison to the previous study 24
Chapter III
Materials properties, experimental test programs and mixture proportion design
3.1 Material properties 31
3.1.1. Portland cement, fly ash and rice husk ash 31
3.1.2. Coarse and fine aggregates 33
3.1.3. Steel and polypropylene fibers 34
3.1.4. Superplasticizer and mixing water 35
3.2. Experimental test methods and apparatus 35
3.2.1. Workability properties of fresh concrete 35
3.2.2. Mechanical properties of hardened concrete 38
3.2.3. Durability properties of harden concrete 43
3.3. Mix design procedure 51
3.3.1. Review of some previous methods of mix design for SCC 51
3.3.2. Densified mixture design algorithm method 53
3.3.3. SCC mix design by ACI method 63
3.3.4. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for laboratory Concrete mixing67
Chapter IV
Results and Discussions
4.1. Mix proportion parameters and design concepts 71
4.2. Workability properties of fresh concrete 72
4.2.1. Filling ability or flow-ability test 74
4.2.2. Viscosity test 76
4.2.3. Passing ability test 76
4.2.4. Unit weight 77
4.3. Mechanical properties of hardened concrete 77
4.3.1. Compressive strength 77
4.3.2. Splitting tensile strength 81
4.3.3. Flexural strength 84
4.3.4. Dynamic modulus of elasticity and rigidity 90
4.3.5. Drying shrinkage 91
4.4. Durability properties of harden concrete 94
4.4.1. Chloride-ion penetration resistivity 94
4.4.2. Electrical surface resistivity 96
4.4.3. Ultrasonic pulse velocity 98
4.4.4. Sulfate attack resistivity 100
Chapter V
Conclusion and Suggestions 103
References 106

[1] World_Business_Council_for_Sustainable_Development. Cement Industry Energy and CO2 Performance, Getting the Numbers Right. wwwwbcsdcementorg. 2009.
[2] World_Business_Council_for_Sustainable_Development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009 and Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050. wwwwbcsdcementorg. 2009.
[3] V. Johansen PJA. Particle packing and concrete properties. J Skalny, S Mindess (Eds), Mater Sci Concr, vol IIAmerican Ceramic Society, Trondheim. 1989:111–47.
[4] Chang P-K. An approach to optimizing mix design for properties of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004;34(4):623-9.
[5] Chang PK, Peng YN, Hwang CL. A design consideration for durability of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2001;23(4–5):375-80.
[6] Hwang C-L, Hung M-F. Durability design and performance of self-consolidating lightweight concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2005;19(8):619-26.
[7] Papadakis VG, Tsimas S. Supplementary cementing materials in concrete: Part I: efficiency and design. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002;32(10):1525-32.
[8] Neuwald AD. Supplementary Cementitious Materials Part I: Pozzolanic SCMs. MC Magazine, September/October 2004, National Precast Concrete Association. 2004.
[9] Neuwald AD. Supplementary Cementitious Materials Part II: hydraulic SCMs. MC Magazine, January/February 2004, National Precast Concrete Association. 2005.
[10] King B. Making Better Concrete; Guidelines to Using Fly Ash for Higher Quality, Eco-Friendly Book of green building press. 2005.
[11] Ahmaruzzaman M. A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2010;36(3):327-63.
[12] Michael Thomas RDH, Chris Rogers, and Benoit Fournier. 50 Years Old and Still Going Strong. American Concrete Institute, Concrete International. January 1, 2012;34(1).
[13] Ravina D, Mehta PK. Properties of fresh concrete containing large amounts of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research. 1986;16(2):227-38.
[14] Malhotra VM. Durability of concrete incorporating high-volume of low-calcium (ASTM Class F) fly ash. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1990;12(4):271-7.
[15] W. S. Langley GGC, and V. M. Malhotra. Structural Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class Fly Ash. American Concrete Institute, Materials Journal. 1989;86(5):507-14.
[16] Malhotra GMGIaVM. Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class F Fly Ash. Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates. 1988;10:88-95.
[17] Malhotra MMAaVM. Role of Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Fly Ash in Controlling Expansion due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction. american Concrete Institute, Materials Journal. 1991;88(2):159-63.
[18] Pei-wei G, Xiao-lin L, Hui L, Xiaoyan L, Jie H. Effects of fly ash on the properties of environmentally friendly dam concrete. Fuel. 2007;86(7–8):1208-11.
[19] Reiner M, Rens K. High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: Analysis and Application. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 2006;11(1):58-64.
[20] Columna VB. The effect of rice hull ash in cement and concrete mixes. Asian Institute of Tchnology, MEng Thesis. 1974.
[21] Al-Khalaf MN, Yousif HA. Use of rice husk ash in concrete. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete. 1984;6(4):241-8.
[22] Mehta PK. Rice hull ash cement... High quality, acid-resisting. Journal of American Concrete Institute, Proceedings. 1975;72 235-6.
[23] Mehta PK. Properties of Blended Cements Made from Rice Husk Ash. American Concrete Institute, Journal Proceedings. 1977;74(9).
[24] Rodriguez de Sensale G. Strength development of concrete with rice-husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006;28(2):158-60.
[25] Zerbino R, Giaccio G, Batic OR, Isaia GC. Alkali–silica reaction in mortars and concretes incorporating natural rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2012;36(0):796-806.
[26] Hwang CL CS. The use of rice husk ash in concrete. Statish C, editor Waste materials used in concrete manufacturing Wastwood, NJ: William Andrew publishing. 1996:184-234.
[27] Cook DJ, Pama, R. P. and Damer, S. A. . The behaviour of concrete and cement paste containing rice husk ash. Proceedings, Conference of Hydraulic Cement Pastes, Their Structure and Properties, University of Sheffield. 1976:268-83.
[28] Chindaprasirt P, Kanchanda P, Sathonsaowaphak A, Cao HT. Sulfate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2007;21(6):1356-61.
[29] ACI-Committee-544. "Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete". 2009 Reapproved;ACI 544.1R-96.
[30] Zollo RF. Fiber-reinforced concrete: an overview after 30 years of development. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1997;19(2):107-22.
[31] ACI_Committee_544. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Journal Proceedings. 1973;70(11):729-44.
[32] Padmarajaiah SK, Ramaswamy A. Flexural strength predictions of steel fiber reinforced high-strength concrete in fully/partially prestressed beam specimens. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2004;26(4):275-90.
[33] Naik TR, Kumar R, Ramme BW, Canpolat F. Development of high-strength, economical self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2012;30(0):463-9.
[34] Khaliq W, Kodur V. Thermal and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced high performance self-consolidating concrete at elevated temperatures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2011;41(11):1112-22.
[35] Cifuentes H, Garcia F, Maeso O, Medina F. Influence of the properties of polypropylene fibres on the fracture behaviour of low-, normal- and high-strength FRC. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;45(0):130-7.
[36] Ferrara L, Meda A. Relationships between fibre distribution, workability and the mechanical properties of SFRC applied to precast roof elements. Mat Struct. 2006;39(4):411-20.
[37] Boulekbache B, Hamrat M, Chemrouk M, Amziane S. Flowability of fibre-reinforced concrete and its effect on the mechanical properties of the material. Construction and Building Materials. 2010;24(9):1664-71.
[38] Okamura HaO, Masahiro Self-Compacting concrete. Journal of advanced concrete technology April 2003;1:5-15.
[39] Jae-Jin Choi E-KK, and Jung-Hoon Yoo. Optimal mixture proportion for high performance concrete incorporating Ground granualted blast furnace slag. Journal of Korea Concrete Institute. June 2005;17:473-80.
[40] Okamura HaO, Kazumasa. Mix design for Self-compacting concrete. Concrete Library of JSCE. June 1995;25:107-20.
[41] Su N, Hsu K-C, Chai H-W. A simple mix design method for self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2001;31(12):1799-807.
[42] Ozawa K MK, Okamura H. High performance concrete based on the durability design of concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the second East Asia-Pacific conference on structural engineering and construction Thailand: Chiang-Ma. 1989:445-50.
[43] Safiuddin M, West JS, Soudki KA. Properties of freshly mixed self-consolidating concretes incorporating rice husk ash as a supplementary cementing material. Construction and Building Materials. 2012;30(0):833-42.
[44] European_Federation. The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete Specification, Production and Use. wwwefnarcorg. 2005.
[45] Aslani F, Nejadi S. Shrinkage behavior of self-compacting concrete. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A. 2012;13(6):407-19.
[46] Ozyurt N, Mason TO, Shah SP. Correlation of fiber dispersion, rheology and mechanical performance of FRCs. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2007;29(2):70-9.
[47] Ferrara L, Park Y-D, Shah SP. A method for mix-design of fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2007;37(6):957-71.
[48] S.P. Shah LF, and S.H. Kwon. Recent Research on Self-Consolidating Steel Fiber- Reinforced Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. October 1, 2010;272:109-34.
[49] Khayat KH, Roussel Y. Testing and performance of fiber-reinforced, self-consolidating concrete. Mat Struct. 2000;33(6):391-7.
[50] Sahmaran M, Yaman IO. Hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with a high-volume coarse fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2007;21(1):150-6.
[51] Dinakar P, Babu KG, Santhanam M. Durability properties of high volume fly ash self compacting concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2008;30(10):880-6.
[52] Chih-Ta Tsai, Lung-Sheng Lee, Chien-Chih Chang, Hwang C-L. Durability design and application of steel fiber reinforced concrete in Taiwan. The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2009;34 Number 1B.
[53] Karahan O, Atiş CD. The durability properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced fly ash concrete. Materials & Design. 2011;32(2):1044-9.
[54] El-Dieb AS, Reda Taha MM. Flow characteristics and acceptance criteria of fiber-reinforced self-compacted concrete (FR-SCC). Construction and Building Materials. 2012;27(1):585-96.
[55] Kuder K, Lehman D, Berman J, Hannesson G, Shogren R. Mechanical properties of self consolidating concrete blended with high volumes of fly ash and slag. Construction and Building Materials. 2012;34(0):285-95.
[56] Sathawane SH, Vairagade VS, Kene KS. Combine Effect of Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash on Concrete by 30% Cement Replacement. Procedia Engineering. 2013;51(0):35-44.
[57] Chindaprasirt P, Rukzon S. Strength, porosity and corrosion resistance of ternary blend Portland cement, rice husk ash and fly ash mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2008;22(8):1601-6.
[58] Chindaprasirt P, Rukzon S, Sirivivatnanon V. Resistance to chloride penetration of blended Portland cement mortar containing palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2008;22(5):932-8.
[59] Cordeiro GC, Toledo Filho RD, Tavares LM, Fairbairn EdMR, Hempel S. Influence of particle size and specific surface area on the pozzolanic activity of residual rice husk ash. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2011;33(5):529-34.
[60] Zain MFM, Mahmud HB, Ilham A, Faizal M. Prediction of splitting tensile strength of high-performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 2002;32(8):1251-8.
[61] ACI-544.2R. Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete. American Concrete Institute. 1989, Reapproved 2009.
[62] Kessler R.J. PRG, Vivas E., Paredes M.A.,Virmani Y.P. . Surface resistivity as an indicator of concrete chloride Penetration resistance. http://concreteresistivitycom/Surface%20Resistivitypdf. 2008.
[63] Carino NJ. Nondestructive Testing of Concrete: History and Challenges. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. March 1, 1994;144:623-78.
[64] ACI_211.1. Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete. American Concrete Institute. 1991, Reapproved 202.
[65] JSCE. Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures. Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Guidelines for Concrete. 2007;No.16.
[66] Hwang CL, Chang, P.K. and Peng, Y.N. Application of high-performance concrete to high-rise building in Taiwan. Adv Struct Eng. 2001;4(2), 65-73.
[67] Chao-Lung HaC-TT. The effect of aggregate packing types on engineering proporties of self-consolidating concrete. First International symposium on design, performance and use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, China. 2005:337-44.
[68] Chen JC, Hwang, C.L. and Tsai, D.H. Research and development of high performance concrete in Taiwan. Concrete Int. 1995.
[69] Aslani F, Nejadi S. Self-compacting concrete incorporating steel and polypropylene fibers: Compressive and tensile strengths, moduli of elasticity and rupture, compressive stress–strain curve, and energy dissipated under compression. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2013;53(0):121-33.
[70] Alhozaimy AM, Soroushian P, Mirza F. Mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete and the effects of pozzolanic materials. Cement and Concrete Composites. 1996;18(2):85-92.
[71] Al-Tayyib AJ, Al-Zahrani MM, Rasheeduzzafar, Al-Sulaimani GJ. Effect of polypropylene fiber reinforcement on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete in the Arabian Gulf environment. Cement and Concrete Research. 1988;18(4):561-70.
[72] M. H. Zhang RLC, V. M. Malhorta and J. Mirza. Use of High-volume Fly Ash in Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Shotcrete Applications. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. July 1, 1997;170:681-722.
[73] Robins P, Austin S, Jones P. Pull-out behaviour of hooked steel fibres. Mat Struct. 2002;35(7):434-42.
[74] Buyukozturk MVaO. Behavior of Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Under Direct Shear. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. January 1, 1994;142:201-34.
[75] Naik SYMaDD. Studies on correlation between flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete. The Indian Concrete Journal, http://wwwicjonlinecom/main_Sep2012_techpapersasp. 2012.
[76] Hansen W. Static and Dynamic Elastic Modulus of Concrete as Affected by Mix Composition and Compressive Strength. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. October 1, 1986;95:115-38.
[77] Habib A. Mesbah ML, and Pierre-Claude Aitcin. Determination of Elastic Properties of High-Performance Concrete at Early Ages. American Concrete Institute, Materials Journal. January 1, 2002;99(1):37-41.
[78] Cornelia Magureanu IS, Camelia Negrutiu, and Bogdan Heghes. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Materials Journal. March 12, 2012;109(2):177-84.
[79] T.H. Liu HJC, H.W. Liao, and C.I. Lin. Evaluating Drying Shrinkage of Self-Compacting Concrete in a Caisson Using Numerical Methods. American Concrete Institute, Special Publication. April 2007;243:85-98.
[80] Saje D, Bandelj B, Šušteršič J, Lopatič J, Saje F. Shrinkage of Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced High-Performance Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2011;23(7):941-52.
[81] Nagi M, Whiting D. Resistivity of Concrete: State of the Art. NACE International; 2004.
[82] Ramezanianpour AA, Pilvar A, Mahdikhani M, Moodi F. Practical evaluation of relationship between concrete resistivity, water penetration, rapid chloride penetration and compressive strength. Construction and Building Materials. 2011;25(5):2472-9.
[83] Solgaard A, Geiker M, Edvardsen C, Kuter A. Observations on the electrical resistivity of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Mat Struct. 2013:1-16.
[84] Buenfeld NR, Newman JB, Page CL. The resistivity of mortars immersed in sea-water. Cement and Concrete Research. 1986;16(4):511-24.
[85] Yiching Lin S-FK, Chiamen Hsiao, and Chao-Peng Lai. Investigation of Pulse Velocity-Strength Relationship of Hardened Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Materials Journal. July 1, 2007;104(4):344-50.
[86] Lafhaj Z, Goueygou M, Djerbi A, Kaczmarek M. Correlation between porosity, permeability and ultrasonic parameters of mortar with variable water / cement ratio and water content. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006;36(4):625-33.
[87] H. Siad SK-B, H.A. Mesbah, G. Escadeillas, M. Mouli, H. Khelafi. Characterization of the degradation of self-compacting concretes in sodium sulfate environment: Influence of different mineral admixtures. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;47:1188-200.
[88] Gao J, Yu Z, Song L, Wang T, Wei S. Durability of concrete exposed to sulfate attack under flexural loading and drying–wetting cycles. Construction and Building Materials. 2013;39(0):33-8.