臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

過去多數研究風險相關文獻的實證結果發現女性比男性更具有風險趨避的傾向(例如Croson and Gneezy, 2009)，然而，Nelson(2013)指出，根據統計顯著所得到關於性別差異的結論，用以作為一般性的結論是不適當的，也因此這樣的結論值得更進一步的探討。

本研究參考Nelson(2013)的研究，搜尋過去性別和風險相關主題之文獻，旨在將過去相關的文獻做一整合的論述，並且解答性別在風險態度上是否存在差異。本研究參考Nelson (2013)文章中所使用的研究方法，並且加入另外一個指標，分別為柯恩d值(Cohen's d)、相似指數(Index of Similarity)以及吉尼係數(Gini Coefficient)。Cohen’s d為衡量效應值(Effect Size)的一種指標，衡量兩樣本之間平均數差異的程度(Cohen, 1988)。而相似指數則是來自相異指數(Index of Dissimilarity) (Duncan and Duncan, 1955)，Nelson(2013)將計算相異指數(Index of Dissimilarity)的公式，稍微做了改變，使用相似指數當作衡量兩個樣本分配重疊的指標。吉尼係數 (Gini, 1912)為計算隔離指數的其中一種指標，與相異指數相似，由Ranson (2000)一文的研究可知，Hutchens於1991的研究中指出「因為相異指數對於職業的分佈的一些變動不敏感，所以吉尼係數(Gini Coefficient)是衡量隔離指數很好的指標。」因此，本研究使用此三個指標分析並且探討32篇國際學術論文。

本研究的研究結果顯示，女性的風險趨避程度高於男性，本研究之研究結果與Croson and Gneezy (2009)一致。

Studies which examine gender and risk, have found that women are more risk averse than men (for example, Croson and Gneezy, 2009; Mittal and Vyas, 2011). However, Nelson (2013) argues that it is not correct to make such a generalized conclusion based solely on statistical significance of the findings. In this study we follow Nelson (2013), and investigate whether significant gender differences on risk preference can be found.

The methodology used in this study follow Nelson (2013), Cohen’s d (see Cohen, 1988) and Index of similarity (see Duncan and Duncan, 1955). Both methods measure the degree of difference (or overlap) between two sample distributions. Another approach, Gini coefficient (Gini, 1912) is also adopted in this study. Gini coefficient is often used as a segregation index by researchers. As Hutchens (1991) points out when we are only interested in overall degree of difference between two samples, dichotomous measures like Gini coefficient are suitable and can potentially be better than Duncan's d.

Our findings are that women are really more risk averse than men. In other words, our findings are consistent with the findings of Croson and Gneezy (2009).

目錄
中文摘要.....................................I
英文摘要.....................................II
謝辭.........................................III
表目錄.......................................V
圖目錄.......................................VI
第一章 緒論..................................1
第二章 文獻回顧..............................4
第三章 研究方法..............................7
第一節 柯恩d值.............................7
第二節 相似指數............................10
第三節 吉尼係數............................12
第四章 研究樣本..............................13
第五章 研究結果分析..........................17
第一節 性別在風險態度上之差異整體分析......17
第二節 不同因素下性別的風險偏好之差異比較..27
第六章 結論..................................31
附錄一：吉尼係數公式推導.....................33
參考文獻.....................................35

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