臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

現今的影像透過網路傳送時，如果被有心人士截取，並透過影像處理修改，則不易透過肉眼察覺。另外，為了讓傳送更加快速，通常會將影像先經過壓縮處理以減少傳輸資訊，如：JPEG壓縮。本論文提出一個影像竄改偵測的半易碎浮水印機制，即使經過JPEG壓縮也可以找出影像遭竄改的位置。
本機制包含兩個階段，分別為浮水印嵌入階段及影像完整性驗證階段。嵌入浮水印階段是使用一個改良型的量化索引調變，用相對值的方式修改量化索引的值，有別於傳統是以絕對值的方式修改。相對值的修改方式可以增加浮水印的強度，因此能抵抗JPEG壓縮所造成的破壞，而取出的浮水印幾乎沒有雜訊。在影像完整性驗證階段，先前被嵌入的浮水印與原來的浮水印兩者會被比較以找出差異，此即被竄改的區域。由於未竄改影像的雜訊分布較為分散，而遭竄改影像較為集中，因此會針對不同性質的比對結果做不一樣的雜訊處理以提升竄改偵測的驗證率及準確率。
實驗結果證明，相較於其他人的方法，本論文提出的方法所取出的浮水印完整性較高，再次JPEG壓縮的偵測結果其平均誤判率較低，竄改偵測結果的驗證率和準確率也較高。

Digital images being transferred over the Internet can be intercepted and modified without any noticeable difference. Moreover, in order to transfer images faster on the network, people usually compress images in JPEG formats to reduce the image sizes before transmission. This thesis presents a semi-fragile watermarking scheme that can locate the tampered areas on JPEG compressed images.
The proposed scheme includes two phases, one is watermarked image generation phase and the other is integrity verification phase. In the watermarked image generation phase, the scheme embeds the watermark by modifying the relative value with the Quantization Index Modulation. The difference between the relative value modification and the traditional modification is that the former can increase the robustness to resist the JPEG compression and reduce noise. In the integrity verification phase, the previously embedded watermark and the original watermark are compared, and the differences, which indicate the tampered areas, are obtained. Because the non-tampered image has lower noise density than tampered image, the recall rate and precision rate of the tamper detection can be increased with different noise processing.
The experimental results show that, as compared to other methods, the proposed scheme can retrieve the watermarks with high integrity, process the JPEG compressed images with low misjudgment, and detect the tampered areas with high recall rates and precision rates.

誌謝 i
摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
附表目錄 x
第一章 介紹 1
1.1 背景 1
1.2 動機 3
1.3 目標 5
1.4 論文架構 6
第二章 相關背景 8
2.1 離散餘弦轉換(DCT) 8
2.2 量化索引調變(Quantization Index Modulation, QIM) 9
2.3 中值濾波器(Median Filter) 9
2.4 侵蝕(Erosion) 10
2.5 膨脹(Dilation) 10
第三章 JPEG影像竄改偵測機制的架構與設計 11
3.1 影像浮水印嵌入階段 12
3.1.1 影像浮水印嵌入演算法 21
3.2 影像完整性驗證階段 21
3.2.1 影像完整性驗證演算法 23
第四章 實驗結果分析與討論 25
4.1 JPEG影像的竄改偵測結果 26
4.1.1 分析實驗數據 26
4.1.2 竄改偵測結果 27
4.2 再次JPEG壓縮的竄改偵測結果 27
4.2.1 分析實驗數據 28
4.2.2 竄改偵測結果 28
4.3 JPEG影像遭竄改的竄改偵測結果 29
4.3.1 分析實驗數據 30
4.3.2 竄改偵測結果 30
4.4 嵌入浮水印的影像品質 33
4.5 探討浮水印失真原因 35
4.5.1 影像性質 35
4.5.2 JPEG壓縮順序 35
4.5.3 量化値 36
第五章 結論與未來方向 38
5.1 結論 38
5.2 未來方向 38
參考文獻 40
附錄 一 44
附錄 二 56
附錄 三 68
附錄 四 80

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