臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

眼睛對於人類來說是一個非常重要的感官器官，因此有靈魂之窗的美稱，人類在處理認知訊息的歷程中，約有80%以上都是藉由眼睛來接收的，但對於一個視力有損傷或是失去視力的視覺障礙者來說，在行動上就會有非常大的不便性。根據內政部身心障礙者人數統計資料得知，全臺灣的視覺障礙人口數到民國101年為止，已高達5萬6千人之多。目前視覺障礙者大多使用導盲杖或少數使用導盲犬作為外出行動時的輔助用具，但這些行動輔具所給予視覺障礙者的環境資訊仍不夠充足，因此本研究探討利用影像處理技術提供視覺障礙者所處之環境資訊
，以提升其行動自主性。

本研究分析在不同環境之情況下，各類地形在深度影像的特徵，並藉由此特徵來判斷地形辨識之可行性及設計出地形的判斷法則，例如：平地、障礙物等地形類別，而本研究採用類同於Kinect硬體規格之Xtion感測器作為擷取深度影像資訊的來源，其體積小、重量輕之特性，相對於Kinect來說，能夠更適合配戴於視覺障礙者身上，避免增加視覺障礙者負重上的負擔。本研究設計之基本系統雛形，希望能避免視覺障礙者在行走時由於未知的環境地形而造成的危險或傷害
，也期望本系統所提供之環境地形資訊能增加視覺障礙者在行走時的安全與自主性。

Blind or visually impaired people lack of independence to get around freely, especially in a new environment. The mobility aids of the blind are mainly based on long canes or guide dogs. Long canes are commonly used by the blind as a simple tool to detect objects within a very limited area in the path. Guide dogs give the blind more flexibility to travel in an unfamiliar environment. The main function of guide dogs is to maneuver the blind people around obstacles, indicate the locations of curbs and stairs, and prevent hazardous areas. Despite the advantages of guide dogs, the training time is very long, and the training cost is also very high.

Due to recent advances in computer vision and mobile robot, the robot guide dog is an attractive alternative to provide mobility aids for blind people. A robot guide dog should be equipped with the capability to detect the pathway and obstacles in front the owner. This research aims at the feasibility study of vision-assist guidance for the visually impaired by using depth image and image processing techniques. The proposed robot vision system is implemented and tested with the Xtion depth sensor, which is basically the same as Kinect developed originally by PrimeSense. The Xtion device provides both depth image and color image. It is more compact and lighter weight and, thus, is more suitable for blind people to wear. Basic scene entities encountered in the environment have been evaluated with a simple prototype of the vision-assist guidance system.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究範疇與限制 1
1.3 研究方法簡介 2
1.4 論文架構說明 3
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1 視覺技術應用於行走機器人 5
2.2 Kinect於其他相關領域之應用 6
第三章 研究方法 8
3.1 Light Coding 3D量測技術 8
3.1.1 Kinect感測器 9
3.1.2 Xtion感測器 9
3.2 視障者的“眼睛” 9
3.3 研究方法概述 13
3.3.1 深度的範圍及精確度 13
3.3.2 深度量測的穩定性 13
3.3.3 系統限制 14
3.3.4 感測器配戴方式 17
3.4 導盲輔助系統架構 17
3.5 地勢影像轉換 20
3.5.1 深度值之角度的變化 20
3.5.2 地勢之特性 21
3.5.3 地勢的遊程與順序 26
3.6 各類地形之判斷法則與地形影像建立 28
3.6.1 平地與障礙物 29
3.6.2 臺階 29
3.6.3 樓梯 33
3.6.4 危險區域(斷面、坑洞) 34
3.6.5 懸掛物 38
3.6.6 無法判斷之地形(資訊不足) 39
3.6.7 地形影像建立 41
3.7 一維掃描線主要支配地形之建立 42
3.8 區域眾數結果 44
3.9 進階地形判斷-轉角處 46
3.10 門之偵測 51
3.10.1 障礙物地形(牆面)區域偵測 51
3.10.2 門框線偵測 52
3.10.3 門框線之深度落差偵測 56
3.10.4 門之寬度計算 57
3.11 流程圖簡述 59
3.12 結論 59
第四章 實驗結果與分析 65
4.1 系統架構與實驗環境 65
4.2 深度輪廓線角度變化對地勢影像的影響 67
4.3 各類地形之判斷結果 67
4.3.1 臺階向上 67
4.3.2 臺階向下 75
4.3.3 樓梯向上 81
4.3.4 樓梯向下 92
4.3.5 障礙物與無法判斷之地形 101
4.3.6 危險區域之地形 110
4.3.7 水溝與懸掛物之地形 116
4.3.8 轉角處 124
4.3.9 門 124
4.4 試用者的回饋 134
4.5 結論 134
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 135
參考文獻 136
附錄 程式說明 138

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