臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

因應農業生產品質的提升以及解決人力短缺等問題，即時監測系統的應用能夠取代以往以經驗的方式進行管理。根據量化數據以及植物的生長特性研擬不同的管理策略，除了可以避免人為的誤判，也能適當地對栽培環境進行調控。本研究採用平行板電容器，量測並探討番茄葉片在水分變化下之電容值變化情形，期盼未來可將此技術運用在灌溉判斷。
研究結果顯示，適當的電極板間距能有效地提升量測性能。本研究針對三個相對位置，以及1k~5MHz間53個頻率進行量測，並建立含水率之預測模型。經過驗證，三種含水率表達方式（RWC、EWT、Mw）的最佳模型之MAE，分別為0.04203、0.01207和0.0970。其中以Mw的解析度為最佳。此外研究中還發現電容值從中心至葉尖有遞減的現象，由此推論葉片水分並非均勻分布。

In response to the issues of improving the quality of agricultural production, resolving the manpower shortage and so on. The real-time monitoring system applied in the agricultural production could effectively replace the empirical approach for management. Based on the quantitative data and the growth characteristics of plants, we could not only avoid human misjudgements, but also appropriately control the cultural environment. In the study, The parallel capacitor was used to measure and investigate the capacitance changes of tomato leaves in different moisture content. The method developed in this study then can be used in irrigation management.
The results show that the appropriate distance between electrodes can effectively improve the accuracy of the measurement. The predictive moisture content models with three relative positions and 53 frequencies between 1k~5Mhz were built. After validations, the MAE of the best models of three types of the water content (RWC、EWT、Mw) is 0.04203, 0.01207, and 0.0970, respectively. Among these equations, Mw has the highest resolution. The capacitance decreased from the center to the tip of leaves. It indicated that the water on the leaves is non-uniform distribution.

摘要 I
Abstact II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1-1前言 1
1-2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 3
2-1葉片結構 3
2-2葉片在水分逆境時的生理反應 4
2-3葉片長度 5
2-4葉比重（Specific Leaf Mass, SLM） 6
2-5電容量測技術 7
2-5-1介電常數 7
2-5-2介電散逸（Dielectric Dispersion） 8
2-5-3介電譜在生物物理學中的作用 8
2-5-4介電特性的量測方法 10
2-6 利用電容法量測含水率之相關文獻 11
2-7 含水率定義 12
2-7-1濕基含水率（Wet basis moisture content, Mw） 12
2-7-2相對水份含量（Relative Water Content, RWC） 12
2-7-3等效水分厚度（Equivalent Water Thickness, EWT） 13
第三章 材料與方法 14
3-1實驗儀器設備 14
3-2實驗材料 18
3-3實驗樣本 19
3-4葉片特徵量測 22
3-5統計分析 23
3-6實驗方法與步驟 23
3-6-1三用電表設定參數 23
3-6-2量測步驟 23
3-6-3量測不同電極板間距的電容變化 24
3-6-4量測葉片不同位置之電容變化 24
3-7 梯形法 25
3-8 統計方法 26
3-8-1迴歸分析 26
3-8-2殘差圖 27
3-8-3 PRESS（Prediction Sum of Squares） 28
3-8-4離群值診斷 29
3-8-5平均預測誤差 29
第四章 結果與討論 30
4-1改變電極間距對量測水分變化之影響 30
4-2探討不同量測位置之影響 33
4-3含水率與電容之關係 36
4-3-1濕基含水率與電容值之關係 36
4-3-2等效水分厚度與電容值之關係 38
4-3-3相對水分含量與電容值之關係 40
4-4建立數學模型 42
4-4-1重合性檢查 42
4-4-2利用線性迴歸進行分析 43
4-4-3變數轉換後進行迴歸分析 49
4-4-3-1 RWC作為含水率建立模型 50
4-4-3-2 EWT作為含水率建立模型 54
4-4-3-3 Mw作為含水率建立模型 58
第五章 結論與建議 62
5-1結論 62
5-2建議 63
第六章 參考文獻 64
附錄A 67

1.李精益。2008。費曼物理學講義Ⅱ電磁與物質。初版，14。台北：天下遠見出版股份有限公司。譯自於The Feynman Lectures on Physics, The Definitive Edition Volume 2 by Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands。
2.胡振奎。2007。以軟體感測器建立生物反應器內其生物生長模式。 碩士論文。台中:中興大學生物產業機電工程學研究所。
3.陳加忠、雷鵬魁、曹之祖。1995。種子含水率測定烤箱技術之研究。農業工業學報41（2）：59-70。
4.傅冶天，陶治中，林定玉。1987。工程機率與統計。三版，299。台北：曉園出版社有限公司。譯自於Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists by Wolpole, Mayer。
5.戴政祺。2012。LCR Meter and Impedance Analyzer。電儀表學上課講義。
6.趙孔雙。2008。介電譜方法及應用。初版，6-10、83-86。北京：化學工業出版社。
7.廖玉琬 、徐善德。1999。植物生理學。初版，21-22、542-549。台北：?英文化事業有限公司。譯自於Introduction to Plant Physiology by William G. Hopkins。
8.謝淦、王宇飛、王青、趙良成，李業亮。2012。葉結構手冊。初版，14。北京：北京大學出版社。譯自於Manual of Leaf Architecture by Beth Ellis, Douglas C. Daly, Leo J. Hickey, Kirk R. Johnson, John D. Mitchell, Peter Wilf, Scott L. Wing。
9.A. Afzal, S. F. Mousavi, M. Khademi. 2010. Estimation of Leaf Moisture Content by Measuring the Capacitance. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. 12:339-346.
10.Anton Fuchs, Michael J. Moser , Hubert Zangl , Thomas Bretterklieber. 2009. Using Capacitive Sensing To Determine The Moisture Content of Wood Pellets – Investigations and Application. International Journal On Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2.
11.Cleve B. Moler. 2004. Numerical Computing with Matlab. 168. Philadelphia : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
12.David J. Friffiths, Reed College. 1999. Introdction to Electrodynamics.3rd ed.160-161. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
13.D. W. Sheriff. 1976. An Apparatus for the Measurement of Leaf Dielectric Properties in the High Frequency Region. Journal of Experimental Botany. 27(99):645-650.
14.E. T. F. Witkowski, Byron B. LaMont.1991. Leaf specific Mass confounds leaf density and thickness. Oecologia. 88:486-493.
15.Hamlyn G. Jones. 2004. Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based Methods. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55(407):2427-2436.
16.Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons. 2008. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd ed. 206-210. New York : springer.
17.Jeremy Pritchard. 2001. Turgor Pressure. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.
18.John S. Boyer. 1995. Measuring the Water Status of Plants and Soils. 2. San Diego: Academic Press.
19.M. Tugrul Yilmaz, E. Raymond Hunt Jr., Thomas J. Jackson. 2008. Remote sensing of vegetation water content from equivalent water thickness using satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(2008):2514–2522.
20.Pietro Ceccatoa, Stephane Flasse, Stefano Tarantolac, Stephane Jacquemoudd, Jean-Marie Gregoire. 2001. Detecting vegetation leaf water content using reflectance in the optical domain. Remote Sensing of Environment, 77(2001):22-33.
21.Raymond H. Myers. 2000. Classical and Modern regression with applications. 2nd ed. 4-5, 166, 170-172, 211-212. Pacific Grove, CA : Duxbury.
22.Simone Yamasaki, Lucia Rebello Dillenburg. 1999. Measurements of Leaf Relative Water Content in Araucaria Angustifolia. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 11(2):69-75.
23.W. Guo, J. Yang, X. Zhu, S. Wang, K. Guo. 2013. Frequency, Moisture, Temperature, and Density-Dependent Dielectric Properties of Wheat Straw. ASABE, 56(3):1069-1075.
24.William Mendenhall, Terry Sincich. 2003. A Second Course in Statistics, A:Regression Analysis: International Edition.. 6th ed. 479. New Jersey : Prentice Hall.
25.Yuri Feldman, Irina Ermolina, Yoshihito Hayashi. 2003. Time Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy Study of Biological Systems. Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, IEEE Transactions, 10(5):728-753.