現今企業為了提升競爭力勢必跳脫單方面的流程再造或營運績效，而紛紛以供應鏈體系為重，在策略聯盟下的方式合作，高階決策者應以整體供應鏈利益考量為前提，其考量應包含供應商與零售商之共同利益。在過去傳統的供應鏈模式中，主要都假設存貨的消耗是因供應需求及銷售。然而在現實狀況中，多數存貨在持有的過程中，會因時間以及環境因素使存貨發生損耗及變質等等現象，故存貨價值與數量也隨之降低，具有以上特徵或性質的商品，通常稱為具有易腐性或退化性。
生鮮食品供應鏈是與民眾最為息息相關的，凡舉生鮮超市、大賣場或量販店都是民眾接觸最為頻繁的商家，平時在選購生鮮食品時通常會有生食與熟食兩種選擇，對於民眾而言是相當方便，但對於商家以及生鮮食品的供應鏈而言，是相當難管理的，對於零售商而言要決定生食販賣時間長度和熟食販賣時間長度，同時還要在生食與熟食販賣期間進行生食的加工，以將生食轉換為熟食，決定每次補貨的數量，而對於供應商而言要視零售商的需求多寡評估生產量，故本研究將針對具有不連續販賣特性之易腐性二階供應鏈進行探討。
本研究建構出適用於具有不連續販賣性質之易腐性供應鏈的二階決策模式，並在供應鏈結構為單一供應商與多零售商之假設下，以最小化總體成本為目標，制定出零售商最佳存貨政策與供應商最佳生產政策，並以腐敗率為韋伯分配及固定腐敗率兩種不同的狀況，分別求解。由於模式結構複雜無法得出有效之解析解，故利用本研究提出的求解程序搭配上數值分析方法中的牛頓法進行求解，並以實地訪查後所蒐集的資料進行驗證，分析結果顯示，腐敗率服從韋伯分配對於總體成本而言確實較固定腐敗率來得敏感，同時也可以達到較小的總成本，而持有成本對於供應商與零售商而言都是主要構成成本的因子，故供應商與零售商若要有效降低成本，則應由持有成本方面著手。

Food supply chain is the supply chain that most suffered from the deterioration of inventory among different supply chains. Nowadays, most people purchase their food and produces at supermarket in Taiwan. These supermarkets usually provide both fresh products and the cooked products for consumers in order to meet different demands. Providing both fresh products and the cooked products could raise a difficult issue on inventory control of the supermarket because the retailers have to decide the right quantities and the right time to place orders. On the contrary, the suppliers have to decide how much fresh products to produce. In this study, a two stage perishable supply chain under discontinuous stages model is implemented to minimize the total supply chain cost and develop the inventory policies of this supply chain. In this model, one supplier and multiple retailers are included in a supply chain. Both constant and varying deterioration rate follows the Weibull distribution are discussed in this model. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the appropriation of this model. In addition, the sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the influences of different parameters with regard to total cost and inventory policies. The results show that the model under Weibull deterioration rate is more sensitive on total cost than the one under constant deterioration. The total cost of the model under Weibull deterioration rate is much less than the one under constant deterioration rate

目錄
摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
致 謝 x
表目錄 xiii
圖目錄 xiv
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究範圍與限制 3
第四節 研究流程 4
第五節 論文架構 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 易腐性存貨模式 7
第二節 整合性存貨模式 15
第三節 易腐性供應鏈存貨模式 17
第四節 文獻回顧結語 19
第三章 不連續販賣之易腐性二階供應鏈模式 20
第一節 問題定義 20
第二節 模式假設與符號參數定義 24
第三節 模式建構 28
第四節 模式求解 44
第五節 小結 47
第四章 模式驗證與分析 49
第一節 問題情境描述 49
第二節 參數設定 49
第三節 求解結果與敏感度分析 55
第四節 小結 66
第五章 結論與建議 67
第一節 研究結果 67
第二節 未來研究方向 68
參考文獻 69

參考文獻
Baker, R.C. and Urban, T.L. (1988). A deterministic inventory system with an inventory level dependent demand rate. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 39(9), 823-831
Bakker, M., Riezebos, J. and Teunter, R.H. (2012). Review of inventory systems with deterioration since 2001. European Journal of Operational Research, 221(2), 275-284.
Balkhi, Z.T. (1999). On the global solution to an integrated inventory system with general time varying demand, production and deterioration rates. European Journal of Operational Research, 114(1), 29-37.
Banerjee, A. (1986). A joint economic-lot-size model for purchaser and vendor.
Decision Sciences, 17(3), 292-311.
Covert, R.P. and Philip, G.C. (1973). An EOQ model for items with Weibull distribution. AIIE Transactions, 5(4), 323-326.
Das, C. and Goyal, S.K. (1991). Economic ordering policy for deterministic two-echelon distribution systems. Engineering Costs and Production Economics, 21(3), 227-231.
Datta, T.K. and Pal, A.K. (1990). A note on an inventory model with inventory-level-dependent demand rate. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 41(10), 971-975.
Elsayed, E.A. and Teresi, C. (1983). Analysis of inventory of deterioration item. International Journal of Production Research, 21(4), 449-460.
Ferguson, M. and Ketzenberg, M.E. (2006). Information sharing to improve retail product freshness of perishables. Production and Operations Management, 15(1), 57-73.
Ghare, P.M. and Schrader, G.F. (1963). A model for exponentially decaying inventory. Journal of Industrial Engineering, 14(5), 238-243.
Giri, B.C. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (1998). Deterministic models of perishable inventory with stock-dependent demand rate and nonlinear holding cost. European Journal of Operational Research, 105(3), 467-474.
Giri, B.C., Chakrabarty, T. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (2000). A note on a lot sizing heuristic for deteriorating items with time-varying demands and shortages. Computers ＆ Operations Research 27(6), 495–505
Giri, B.C., Jalan, A.K. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (2005). An economic production lot size model with increasing demand, shortages and partial backlogging. International Transactions in Operations Research, 12(2), 235-245.
Goh, M.(1992). Some results for inventory models having inventory level dependent demand rate. International Journal of Production Economics, 27(2), 155-160.
Goyal, S.K. (1977). An integrated inventory model for a single supplier-single customer problem. International Journal of Production Research, 15(1), 107-111.
Goyal, S.K. (1985). Economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 36(4), 335-338.
Goyal, S.K. (1995). A one-vendor multi-buyer integrated inventory model: A comment. European Journal of Operational Research, 82(1), 209-210.
Goyal, S.K. and Gunasekaran, A. (1995). An integrated production-inventory-marketing model for deteriorating items. Computers ＆ Industrial Engineering, 28(4), 755-762.
Goyal, S.K. and Nebebe, F. (2000). Determination of economic production-shipment policy for a single-vendor-single-buyer system. European Journal of Operational Research, 121(1), 175-178.
Guerrero, W.J., Yeung, T.G. and Guéret, C. (2013). Joint-optimization of inventory policies on a multi-product multi-echelon pharmaceutical system with batching and ordering constraints. European Journal of Operational Research, 231(1), 98-108.
Haji, R., Pirayesh, M.N. and Baboli, A. (2009). Introducing a new ordering policy in a two-echelon inventory system with Poisson demand. International Journal of Production Economics, 117(1), 212-218.
Hariga, M. (1996). Optimal EOQ models for deteriorating items with time-varying demand. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 47(10), 1228-1246.
Heller, T. (2002). Sales grow so does competition. Progressive Grocer, 81(14), 56-58.
Heng, J.H., Labban, J. and Linn, R.J. (1991). An order-level lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items with finite replenishment rate. Computers ＆ Industrial Engineering, 20(2), 187-197.
Hill, R.M. (1997). The single-vendor single-buyer integrated production-inventory model with a generalised policy. European Journal of Operational Research, 97(3), 493-499.
Hsiao, Y.C. (2008). Optimal single-cycle policies for the one-warehouse multi-retailer inventory/distribution system. International Journal of Production Economics, 114(1), 219-229.
Hsu, J.T. and Hsu, L.F. (2013). An EOQ model with imperfect quality items, inspection errors, shortage backordering, and sales returns. International Journal of Production Economics, 143 (1), 162-170.
Kang, S. and Kim, I.T. (1983). A study on the price and production level of the deteriorating inventory system. International Journal of Production Research, 21(6), 899-908.
Lau, A. and Lau, H.S. (1988). The newsboy problem with price-dependent demand distribution. IIE Transactions, 20(2), 168–175.
Li, R., Lan, H. and Mawhinney, J.R. (2010). A Review on Deteriorating Inventory Study. Journal of Service Science and Management, 3, 117-129.
Li, S.X., Huang, Z. and Ashley, A. (1996). Improving buyer-seller system cooperation through inventory control. International Journal of Production Economics, 43(1), 37-46.
Lo, S.T., Wee, H.M. and Huang, W.C. (2007). An integrated production-inventory model with imperfect production processes and Weibull distribution deterioration under inflation. International Journal of Production Economics, 106(1), 248-260.
Lodree, E.J. and Uzochukwu, B.M. (2008). Production planning for a deteriorating item with stochastic demand and consumer choice. International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2), 219-232.
Lu, L.(1995). A one-vendor multi-buyer integrated inventory model. European Journal of Operational Research, 81(2), 312-323.
Mak, K.L. (1982). A production lot size inventory model for deteriorating items. Computers ＆ Industrial Engineering, 6(4), 309-317.
Manna, S. K. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (2006). An EOQ model with ramp type demand rate, time dependent deterioration rate, unit production cost and shortages. European Journal of Operational Research, 171(2), 557–566.
Misra, R.B. (1975). Optimum production lot-size model for a system with deteriorating inventory. International Journal of Production Research, 13(5), 495-505.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Mukherjee, R.N. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (2004). Joint pricing and ordering policy for a deteriorating inventory. Computers ＆ Industrial Engineering, 47(4), 339-349.
Nahmias, S. (1982). Perishable inventory theory: a review. Operations Research, 30(4), 680-708.
Philip, G.C. (1974). A generalized EOQ model for items with Weibull distribution. AIIE Transactions, 6(2), 159-162.
Raafat, F. (1991). Survey of literature on continuously deteriorating inventory models. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 42(1), 27-37.
Rau, H., Wu, M.Y. and Wee, H.M. (2003). Integrated inventory model for deteriorating items under a multi-echelon supply chain environment. International Journal of Production Economics, 86(2), 155-168.
San Jose´, L.A., Sicilia, J. and Garcia-Laguna, J. (2006). Analysis of an inventory system with exponential partial backordering. International Journal of Production Economics, 100(1), 76–86.
Sana, S., Goyal, S.K. and Chaudhuri, K.S. (2004). A production–inventory model for a deteriorating item with trended demand and shortages. European Journal of Operational Research, 157(2), 357-371.
Sana, S.S. and Chaudhuri K.S. (2008). A deterministic EOQ model with delays in payments and price-discount offers. European Journal of Operational Research, 184(2), 509-533
Sharafali, M. and Co, H.C. (2000). Some models for understanding the cooperation between the supplier and the buyer. International Journal of Production Research, 38(15), 3425-3449.
Tadikamalla, P.R. (1978). An EOQ model for items with gamma distributed deterioration. AIIE Transactions, 10(1), 100-103.
Teng, J.T. (2002). On the economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 53(8), 915-918.
Urban, T.L. (1995). Inventory models with the demand rate dependent on stock and shortage levels, International Journal of Production Economics, 40(1), 21-28.
Viswanathan, S. (1998). Optimal strategy for the integrated vendor-buyer inventory model. European Journal of Operational Research, 105(1), 38-42.
Wahab, M.I.M., Mamun, S.M.H. and Ongkunaruk, P. (2011). EOQ models for a coordinated two-level international supply chain considering imperfect items and environmental impact. International Journal of Production Economics, 134(1), 151-158.
Wang, K.J., Lin, Y.S. and Yu. Jonas C.P. (2011). Optimizing inventory policy for products with time-sensitive deteriorating rates in a multi-echelon supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 130(1), 66-76.
Wee, H.M. and Law, S.T. (1999). Economic production lot size for deteriorating items taking account of the time-value of money. Computers ＆ Operations Research, 26(6), 545–558.
Wee, H.M. (1993). Economic production lot-size model for deteriorating items with partial back-ordering, Computers ＆ Industrial Engineering, 24(3), 449–458.
Wee, H.M. and Wang, W.T. (1999). A variable production scheduling policy for deteriorating items with time-varying demand. Computers ＆ Operations Research, 26(3), 237-254.
Yang, P.C. and Wee, H.M. (2000). Economic ordering policy of deteriorated item for vendor and buyer: an integrated approach. Production Planning ＆ Control, 11(5), 474-480.
Yang, P.C. and Wee, H.M. (2002). A single-vendor and multiple-buyers production-inventory policy for a deteriorating item. European Journal of Operational Research, 143(3), 570-581.
Yang, P.C. and Wee, H.M. (2003). An integrated multi-lot-size production inventory model for deteriorating item. Computers ＆ Operations Research, 30(5), 671-682.
 
中文部分
王凱立、江淑惠、吳素玲和林玟珊(民100)。民眾對量販店的消費行為模式之探討。2011年國際體育運動與健康休閒發展趨勢研討會專刊。
林思辰(民102)。不連續階段販賣易腐性商品之訂購政策(碩士論文)。取自成功大學電子資源系統。
劉景捷(民94)。雞肉加工產業經營策略之研究－以大成長城公司為例(碩士論文)。取自台灣碩博士論文加值系統。
商業服務年鑑(民99)。產業篇(1) 商業服務概況。取自http://www.cdri.org.tw/ezfiles/0/1000/img/62/03-ch-03.pdf
畜禽產品物價統計月報(民102)。取自中央畜產會http://www.naif.org.tw/main.aspx
台灣地區家禽產地每日交易行情(民102)。取自中央畜產會http://www.naif.org.tw/infoFowlsListAll.aspx?frontTitleMenuID=37＆frontMenuID=114