臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本篇研究主要目的在檢視說中文的腦性麻痺孩童與正常發展孩童的聲調表現及差異，並檢視腦性麻痺孩童是否呈現聲調的單調性。參與本研究者包括兩位正常發展孩童與兩位腦性麻痺孩童，年齡分布都在四歲左右。本研究測量孩童們的聲調長度、基本頻率、聲調斜率，以及聲調的標準差以進行分析。
結果顯示一名腦性麻痺孩童(CP1)的聲調長度分布與正常孩童相同，一聲最長，三聲最短。另一名腦性麻痺孩童(CP2)的聲調長度與其他三人截然不同，三聲最長，一聲最短。除此之外，兩位腦性麻痺孩童的聲調標準差趨勢與正常孩童相同，但是一名腦性麻痺孩童(CP2)的四聲並無此現象，因此，腦性麻痺孩童相較於正常孩童在掌握聲調上的表現整體來說較不穩定。
另外，本研究發現在四位孩童當中，聲調斜率的趨勢都相同。這顯示，腦性麻痺孩童雖然在掌控聲調上較不穩定，但都能夠表現出正確的聲調走勢。就如文獻所言，腦性麻痺孩童在掌握超音段的能力上無法如正常發展孩童一樣好。然而，在本研究中，腦性麻痺孩童除了在聲調長度及聲調標準差的表現不盡相同外，聲調斜率趨勢與正常發展孩童是一致的。因此，腦性麻痺孩童大致上有掌握超音段的能力，只是無法表現如正常發展孩童一樣準確。

This study examines the differences in tone production between two Mandarin-speaking children with cerebral palsy (CP) and two typically-developing children (TD). All four children are approximately 4 years of age. Several criteria related to the oral production of tones have been used for evaluation, including mean duration, mean fundamental frequency (F0), mean slope, and mean standard deviation of fundamental frequency.
The results show that the mean duration is similar for both TD children and CP1, whose Tone 1 is the longest and whose Tone 3 is the shortest. In contrast, CP2 differs sharply from the other three children, with both the longest Tone 3 and shortest Tone 1. Both the TD and CP children display the same tendency in mean standard deviation of fundamental frequency, except for CP2’s Tone 4. In other words, CP children did not always perform as well as TD children in controlling tone production.
An important finding in this study is that the four participants produced approximately the same mean slope, indicating that CP children are able to produce four tones like TD children, although they have trouble controlling tones precisely. Previous literature indicates that CP speakers tend not to control the prosodic features of enunciation as well as TD speakers. In this study, although subtle differences between CP and TD children were present in the mean duration and the mean standard deviation of fundamental frequency, both CP and TD children showed the same tendency in regards to mean slope. Thus, CP children, compared with TD children, had competence in prosody but lacked of precise control.

Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Chapter One 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.1.1 Cerebral Palsy (CP) 2
1.1.2 Dysarthria 2
1.2 The Significance of the Study 3
1.3 Purpose and Research Questions 4
1.4 The Organization of this Thesis 5
Chapter Two 6
2.1 Language 6
2.1.1 Intonation Language 7
2.1.2 Tone Language 7
Mandarin Chinese 8
Cantonese 10
2.2 Dysarthria Associated with Cerebral Palsy 11
2.2.1 Cerebral Palsy 11
2.2.2 Dysarthria 11
Difficulties in Prosodic Research 12
2.2.3 Characteristics of Dysarthric Speech 13
Monotone 13
Patterns of F0 14
Acoustic Intelligibility 15
Severity of Dysarthria 17
The Nature of Cerebral Palsy 18
Measurements of F0 19
Dysarthric Speech in Children 20
Chapter Three 22
3.1 Participants 22
3.2 Recording Procedure 25
3.3 Transcription of the Tones 27
3.4 Acoustic Analysis 29
3.4.1 Measurements of the Fundamental Frequency 29
Chapter Four 33
4.1 Error Rate of the Four Tones 33
4.2 Accuracy and Substitution Patterns 35
4.3 Mean Duration of F0 37
4.4 Mean Standard Deviation of F0 38
4.5 Mean Slope of F0 40
4.6 The Mean of F0 43
4.7 The Maximum Values of F0 44
4.8 The Minimum Values of F0 45
4.9 The Beginning Point of F0 46
4.10 The Range of F0 48
4.11 Inter-Reliability 49
Chapter Five 50
5.1 Error Rate and the Accuracy Rate of the Tones 50
5.2 Acoustic Analysis 53
5.2.1 Mean Duration of F0 53
5.2.2 Mean Standard Deviation of F0 54
5.2.3 Mean Slope of F0 56
5.2.4 The Mean of F0 57
5.2.5 The Maximum and Minimum Values of F0 and the Beginning Point of F0 58
5.2.6 The Range of F0 59
5.2.7 Monotone 60
Summary of the Results 60
5.3 Limitations of the Study 62
5.4 Conclusions 63
English References 65
Chinese References 70

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