一、中文部分
1. 104人力銀行『2015住宿餐飲業雇主品牌研究』調查，線上檢索日期：2015年5月29日。網址:
http//www.104.com.tw/area/media/file/detail/id/167121573303155427/category/256/住宿餐飲業雇主品牌研究
2. Babbie, E.(2001)，社會科學研究方法(李美華、孔祥明、林嘉娟、王婷玉譯)。台北：時英。
3. 朱令娟(1988)，酬賞型態、角色重要性及工作變異性對社會閒散之影響，國立政治大學心理研究所未出版之碩士論文，8-26。4. 吳秀美(1995)，社會閒散或社會補償：勞力辯正的作用，私立中原大學心理學研究所未出版之碩士論文，11-29。5. 吳明隆(2001)，SPSS統計應用實務，台北：松崗。
6. 吳武忠(1994)，餐飲業員工離職問題之探討。美食世界，30，頁115-120。7. 呂錦智(1996)，社會閒散與社會彌補之探討，國立政治大學心理研究所未出版之碩士論文，9-34。8. 李昱忻(2009)，主管溝通風格、主管部屬關係品質、群體認同之關聯性研究。國立臺灣海洋大學航運管理學系碩士論文。
9. 沈介文(1993)，工作可察性、工作特性與社會賦閒效果關係之研究，私立淡江大學管理科學研究所未出版之碩士論文，5-32。10. 周力行(2003)，工作特性與組織公平對社會賦閒效果影響之研究，國立海洋大學航運管理學系未出版之碩士論文，11-21。11. 林士奇(2001)，轉換型領導、組織承諾與組織公民行為相關之研究–以中華電信南區分公司為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
12. 林合懋（1995）。學校主管與企業主管轉型領導之比較研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立政治大學，台北市。13. 林合懋(1995)，學校主管與企業主管轉型領導之比較研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
14. 林冠弘(2003)，轉換型領導、組織認同、組織溝通對領導效能影響之研究-以台南縣政府組織變革為例。國立中正大學碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
15. 林凱歆(2006)，五大人格特質與社會賦閒之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。16. 邱皓政(2008)，量化研究方法(一)研究設計與資料處理。台北：雙葉。
17. 邱皓政(2008)，量化研究與統計分析，台北： 五南。
18. 侯堂柱(2001)，轉換行領導、組織承諾與組織公民行為之相關研究-以台灣電子業為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。19. 桑國忠(1994)，臺灣地區中、美船舶運送業的組織氣候與社會賦閒效果之比較研究，國立臺灣海洋大學航運管理研究所未出版之碩士論文，12-31。20. 張紹勳(2003)，研究方法，滄海書局。
21. 張慶勳(1996)，國小校長轉化、互易領導影響學校組織文化特性與組織效能之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所博士論文(未出版)。22. 許士軍(2002)，管理學，第十版，台北：東華。
23. 陳玉華(2011)，主管領導型態、人格特質對工作滿足影響之研究。
24. 陳順宇(2004)，多變量分析，台北:華泰。
25. 陳瑞芬(2003)，賦權,信任與社會賦閒之研究。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文。26. 陸仕原(2010)，主官轉換型領導、工作士氣與工作績效關係之研究－以S 部隊官兵為例，國立高雄大學高階經營管理碩士在職專班碩士論文。27. 曾永年(2005)，派系對公務人員社會閒散及組織承諾影響之探討－以台南縣鄉鎮市公所的實證研究。國立中正大學勞工研究所碩士論文。28. 程懷琳(1988)，工作類型、工作能力及酬賞分配方式對團體中個人工作表現的影響，國立政治大學心理研究所未出版之碩士論文，8-34。29. 黃芳銘(2004)，社會科學統計方法學：結構方程模式。台北：五南。
30. 黃建銘(2000)，組織成員社會性偷懶之研究：臺北市各區公所公務人員之實證分析，國立政治大學公共行政研究所未出版之博士論文，18-83。31. 廖先思(1999)，轉換型領導、組織承諾與組織公民行為之關係–以台灣公立美術館為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
32. 劉育成(2011)，非典型僱用員工之身份別對轉換型領導、個人屬性與情感性組織承諾、組織公民行為的影響－以公部門從事環境清潔工作的人員為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文。33. 蔡培村、武文瑛(2004)，領導學- 理論、實務與研究。 高雄：麗文。
34. 蕭評瀚(2009)，社會賦閒、主管關係、工作社會特徵對工作結果之影響。國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。35. 蘇永富(2001)，轉換型領導、組織承諾與組織公民行為關係之研究–以派外人員為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文二、英文部分
1. Adams, J.S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 267−299). New York: Academic Press.
2. Albanese, R. & Van Fleet(1985). “Rational behavior in groups: The free-riding tendency.”Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 244-255.
3. Anderson, J. C. & D. W. Gerbing, (1984). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychology Bulletin, 18（1）:88-115.
4. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
5. Ashforth, B. E., &; Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39.
6. Axel & Pedersen, W. (2004), Inequality as Relative Deprivation A Sociological Approach to Inequality Measurement, Acta Sociologica, vol. 47(1), 31-49.
7. B.Latana, K.Williams, and S. Harkins(1979). “Many Hands make Light the Work: The Cause and Consequences of Social Loafing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822-832.
8. Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi., “On the Evaluation of Structure Equation Models,” Journal of Academic of Marketing Science, 1988, 16(1), pp. 76-94.
9. Bartel, C. A. (2001), “Social Comparisons in Boundary-Spanning Work: Effects of Community Outreach on Members’ Organizational Identity and Identification,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 379–413.
10. Bass , B. M. ＆ Avolio , B. J.（1994）,Improving Organization Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership ,Thousand Oaks, California：Sage Publication.
11. Bass, B. M., "Leadership Performance Beyond Expectations", New York: Academic Press. (1985)
12. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press. Inc.
13. Bass, B.M. & B.J. Avolio (1993), Transformational leadership: A Response to Critiques. In M.M. Chemers & R. Avman. (Eds.), Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions, San Diego, C.A: Academic Press.
14. Bennis, W. & Nanus, B. （1985）.” Leaders: The strategies for taking charge”. New York: Harper & Row.
15. Bentler (1989). "EQS Structural Equations Program Mannual." Los Angeles, CA:BMDP.
16. Bies, R. J., ＆ Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, ＆ M. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (pp. 43-55). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
17. Bossert, W. & D'ambrosio, C. (2007), Dynamic Measures of Individual Deprivation, Social Choice and Welfare, 28(7), 77-88.
18. Bowler, W.M, Jonathon R.B. Halbesleben, Jeff. R.B. Paul. (2010). If you're close with the leader, you must be a brownnose: The role of leader–member relationships in follower, leader, and coworker attributions of organizational citizenship behavior motives. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 309–316.
19. Brickner, M.A., Markins, S.G. & Ostrom, T.M.(1986). “Effects of personal involvement: Thought-provoking implications for social loafing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 763-770.
20. Browne, M. W. and G. Mels (1990), “RAMONA User’s Guide,” Columbus: Department of Psychology, Ohio State University.
21. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York：Harper & Row.
22. Buunk, B., & Janssen, P. (1992). Relative deprivation, career issues, and mental health among men in midlife. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40, 338−350.
23. Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological Review, 83, 85−113.
24. Crosby, F. (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 6 (pp. 51−93). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
25. Dirk van Dierendonck, D., Stam, D., Boersma, P., de Windt, N., & Alkema, J. (2014). Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 544-562.
26. Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M. and Harquail, C. V. (1994), “Organizational Images and Member Identification,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 239–263.
27. Fallon, M.J., & Rutherford, D.G. (2010). Hotel Management and Operations. John Wiley & Sons Inc., NJ.
28. Feldman, D.C., & Turnley,W. H. (2004). Contingent employment in academic careers: relative deprivation among adjunct faculty. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 284−307.
29. Folger, R. (1992). On wanting what we do not have. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13, 123–133.
30. Fornell & Lacker. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), p.39-50.
31. Fornell &; Larcker (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Errors . Journal of Marketing Research, 18(2), 39-50.
32. Friedman, H. H., & M. Langbert (2000). “Transformational Leadership: Instituting Revolutionary Change in Your Accounting Firm.” The National Public Accountant, 45: 8-11.
33. Friedman, H.H., & Langbert, M. (2000), “Transformational Leadership: Instituting Revolutionary Change in your Accounting Firm.” The Nation-al Public Accountant. 45:8.
34. George, J. (1990),”Personality, affect, and behavior in groups”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, pp.107-116.
35. George, J. M. (1992), “Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations”, Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), pp.191-203
36. Greenberg, J. (1987), A taxonomy of organizational justice theories, Academy of Management Review, Vol.12(1), 9 – 22.
37. Gurr, T.R. (1970), Why Men Rebel, Princeton: Princeton Uni- versity Press.Graen, G.B., & Scandura, T. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In B. Staw & L.L. Cumming (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 9, pp. 175-208, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
38. Hair, Anderson, Tatham, Black (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentical-Hall.
39. Harkins, S.G. and Szymanski, K. (1989). “Social loafing and group evaluation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(6), 934-941.
40. Hogg, M. A. (2000), “Social Identity and Social Comparison,” In Handbook of Social Comparison: Theory and Research, J. Suls and L. Wheeler (Eds.), New York: Plenum.
41. Hogg, M. A., &; Terry, D. J. (2000). Social Identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121-140.
42. Hunter, I. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
43. Ingham, A. G., Levinger, G., Graves, J., & Peckham, V. (1974). The ringelmann effect: Studies of group size and group performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(1), 371-384
44. Ingham, A.(1974). “The Ringelmann effect: Studies of group size and group performance.” Journal of Experimental Social psychology, 10, 371-384.
45. James A. Davis(1959),“A Formal Interpretation of the Theory of Relative Deprivation”, Sociometry，Vol. 22，No. 4 (Dec.，1959)，pp. 280-29
46. Jantzi, D. & Leithwood.K.(1996).Toward an explanation of variation in teacher’s perceptions of transformational school leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, Vol.32, pp. 512-538.
47. Jung, D.I., and Sosik, J.J. (2002), “Transformational leadership in work groups: The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance”, Small Group Research, Vol. 33, pp. 313-336.
48. Karau, S.J. & Williams, K.D.(1993). “Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.
49. Kerr, N.L. & Bruun, S.E.(1983). “Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free-rider effects.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 78-94.
50. Kouze, J.M., & Posner, B.Z.(1987). The leadership challenge：How to get extraordinary things done in organizations, San Francisco,CA：Jossey-Bass,(1987).
51. Lea, J and Young, J (1993). What is to be Done About Law and Order?. London: Pluto. Rhodebeck, L. (1981). Group deprivation: An alternative model for explaining collective political action. Micropolitics, 1, 239-267.
52. Mael, F. A., and Ashforth, B. E. (1992), “Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of the Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 103–123.
53. Mark, M.M., & Folger, R. (1984). Responses to relative deprivation: a conceptual framework. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 5 (pp. 192−218). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
54. Martin, J. (1981). Relative deprivation: a theory of distributive injustice for an era of shrinking resources. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 3 (pp. 53−107). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
55. Mikula, G., Scherer, K.R., & Athenstaedt, U. (1998). The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 769–783.
56. "Mulvey, P. W., & Klein, H. J. (1998). The impact of perceived loafing and collective efficacy on group goal processes and group performance. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(1), 62-87. "
57. Nunnally (1987) . Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.
58. Parry K.(2000),” Does Leadership help the Bottom Line”, New Zealand Management, 47, 38-41
59. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
60. Pavesic, D.V., Brymer, R.A., 1990. Job satisfaction: what’s happening to the young managers? Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 30(4), 90–96.
61. Pettigrew, T. F. (1967) "Social evaluation theory: Convergences and applications." pp. 241-311 in D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
62. Pettigrew, T.F., Jackson, J., Ben Brika, J., Lemain, G., Meertens, R. W., Wagner, U., & Zick, A. (2008), Relative deprivation and intergroup prejudice, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 64(2), p 385–401.
63. Pienaar, J., Willemse, S.A., 2008. Burnout, engagement, coping and general health of service employees in the hospitality industry. Tourism Management. 29(6), 1053–1063.
64. Podder, N. (1996), “The Disaggregation of the Gini Coefficient by Subgroups of Population: The Main Issues and Some Solutions” mimeo. The University of New South Wales.
65. Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenie, S. B., Moorman, R. H. and Fetter, R. (1990), “Transformational Leader Behaviours and Their Effects on Follower’s Trust in Leader Stisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Begaviours,” Leadership Quarterly, Vol.1(3): pp.107-142
66. Price, Kenneth H.; Harrison, David A.; Gavin, Joanne H.Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 91(6), Nov 2006, 1375-1384
67. Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.15, pp.329–354.
68. Rhodebeck, L. (1981). Group deprivation: An alternative model for explaining collective political action. Micropolitics, 1, 239-267.
69. Robert. J. House 1977, A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership, Leadership: The Cutting Edge, 189-207.
70. Runciman, W.G. (1966), Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
71. Runciman, W.G. (1966), Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
72. Runciman, W.G. (1966). Relative deprivation & social justice: study attitudes social inequality in 20th century England.
73. Saks, A. and Ashforth, B. A. (1997). Longitudinal investigation of the relationship between job information sources, applicant perceptions of fit, and work outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 395-426.
74. Sashkin, M. (1988), “The Visionary Leader”, in J.A. Congerark and R.N. Kanungo (eds), Charismatic Leadership: The Elusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness, San Francisco, CA：Jossey-Bass.
75. Sashkin, M.(1989). “The visionary leader” in Taylor, R.L. & Rosenbach, W.E. Leadership:Challenges for Todays Manager, McGraw Hill(UK).
76. Schnake, M.(1991). "Organizational citizenship: A review, proposed model, and research agenda." Human Relations, 44(7), 735-759.
77. Singer, M.S. (1992), The application of relative deprivation theory to justice perception of preferential selection, Current Psychology, Vol 11(2).
78. Stack, Steven. (1984). “Income Inequality and Property Crime.” Criminology, 22,229-57.
79. Steiger, J. H. (1989). Causal modeling: A supplementary module for SYSTAT and SYGRAPH. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT.
80. Steiner, I.D.(1966). “Models for inferring relationships between group size and potential group productivity.” Behavioral Science, 11(4), 273-283.
81. Stephan,W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1996). Intergroup relations. Boulder, CO: Westview.
82. Stouffer, S.A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M., Jr. (1949). The American soldier: Vol. 1. Adjustment during army life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
83. Sweeney, McFarlin, & Inderrieden, (1990), Using relative deprivation theory to explain satisfaction with income and pay level: A multistudy examination, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol.33(2), 423 – 436.
84. Tichy & Devanna,1986, "The mission of the leader" , Leader to Leader, NY:Jossey-Bass.
85. Tinsley, H.E.A. and Tinsley, D.J. (1987). Use of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol.34(4), pp.414-424
86. Tougas, F., Rinfret, N., Ann M. Beaton, Roxane de la Sablonnière, (2005), Policewomen Acting in Self-Defense: Can Psychological Disengagement Protect Self-Esteem From the Negative Outcomes of Relative Deprivation?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), Pages 790-800.
87. Vogt (1999). Dictionary of statistics & methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences(2nd. Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
88. Waldman, D. A. & F. J. Yammarino, (1998), “CEO charismatic leadership: Levels-of-management and levels-of-analysis effects.” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, pp. 266-285.
89. Walker, I., & Smith, H.J. (2002). Fifty years of relative deprivation research. In I. Walker & H.J. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration (pp. 1−9). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Wellins, R. S., Byham, W. C., & Dixon, G. R. (1994). Insides teams: How 20 world-class organizations are winning through teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub.
91. Williams, Kipling D., and Steven J. Karau. 1991. Social Loafing and Social Compensation: The Effects of Expectations of Co-Worker Performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,Vol. 61 (4), pp.570-581.
92. Yukl, G. A. (1994). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
93. Yukl, G. A. (2001), Leadership in organizations-5thed, Upper Saddle River. New Jersey: Pretice-Hall.
94. Yukl, G. A.(1998), Leadership in Organizations,. Prentice-Hall, Inc