臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文討論不同的零交越電路技術，並研究用一種改良式之零交越硬體電路來設計一個可攜式的電力訊號計頻器。研究中在零交越電路上，增加一個遲滯電路來改進傳統的零交越電路，此電路可以改進訊號在零交越點受到雜訊干擾時，以至於無法準確測量訊號頻率之問題。本文分別使用Multisim以及Pspice做電路模擬，並分析各個零交越電路的模擬結果，討論固定遲滯跟動態遲滯的電路對於傳統零交越電路之改善，經改良後之零交越硬體電路，將弦波轉換成方波後，再經方波檢測電路，即可準確的量測週期性弦波之基頻波頻率，實驗驗證軟體模擬及硬體實作的結果非常一致，並可用於電力訊號之頻率檢測。

This paper discussed a variety of zero-crossing circuit techniques and managed to design a portable electricity signal frequency counter with an improved zero-crossing hardware circuit. The research added a hysteresis circuit to the zero-crossing circuit in order to improve the traditional zero-crossing circuit. This circuit can improve the situation in which the researcher can’t accurately measure the signal frequency while signals are disturbed by noise at the zero-crossing. This paper used two kinds of software, Multisim and Pspice, to simulate circuit, discussing how resistive feedback hysteresis and dynamic hysteresis circuit improved the traditional zero-crossing circuit. Through the improved zero-crossing hardware circuit, sine wave turned into square wave so that using square wave to detect circuit, the researcher can accurately measure the fundamental frequency of the periodical sine wave. The experiment proved that the result of the software simulation coincided with the one of the hardware enactment and it can be used to detect the electricity signal frequency.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
謝誌 III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XI
第一章 緒論 1
1-1前言 1
1-2研究動機 2
1-3研究步驟 3
1-4論文架構 4
第二章 研究背景 5
2-1頻率變動 5
2-1-1頻率變動現象 5
2-1-2頻率變動管制標準 5
2-2遲滯電路 6
2-3零交越點演算法 7
2-4計頻器 9
2-5軟體介紹 10
2-5-1 Pspice簡介 10
2-5-2 Multisim簡介 11
第三章 電路軟體模擬 13
3-1使用線性內插法檢測零交越點 13
3-1-1元件介紹 13
3-1-2線性內插法檢測零交越點的電路 14
3-2固定遲滯比較器電路 18
3-2-1元件介紹 18
3-2-1-1未具有遲滯現象的比較器電路 19
3-2-1-2具有遲滯現象的比較器電路 20
3-2-2固定遲滯比較器電路 20
3-3動態遲滯比較器電路 27
3-4計頻器電路 29
第四章 硬體電路實現 37
4-1使用線性內插法檢測零交越點 38
4-2固定遲滯的比較器電路 40
4-3動態遲滯的比較器電路 42
4-4計頻器電路 43
第五章 結論與未來展望 47
5-1結論 47
5-2未來展望 47
參考文獻 49

圖目錄
圖1-1研究流程圖...............................................................................................3
圖2-1施密特觸發器與轉換特性曲線...............................................................7
圖2-2零交越點演算法示意圖[16]....................................................................8
圖2-3SPICE軟體的發展過程............................................................................10
圖3-1光耦合元件概要圖[18]...........................................................................14
圖3-2使用線性內插法檢測零交越點的電路.................................................15
圖3-3線性內插法檢測零交越點電路軟體模擬的結果.................................16
圖3-4線性內插法示意圖[20]...........................................................................16
圖3-5使用線性內插法.....................................................................................17
圖3-6比較器電路[21].......................................................................................19
圖3-7比較器受雜訊干擾時的輸出[22]..........................................................19
圖3-8施密特觸發器輸入訊號與輸出波形[22]..............................................20
圖3-9固定遲滯比較器電路.............................................................................21
圖3-10固定遲滯比較器電路軟體模擬的結果...............................................23
圖3-11比較不同電阻值，模擬的結果...........................................................24
圖3-12將雜訊帶入一般比較器電路...............................................................25
圖3-13一般比較器電路受到雜訊干擾的模擬結果.......................................25
圖3-14將雜訊帶入固定遲滯比較器電路.......................................................26
圖3-15固定遲滯比較器受到雜訊干擾的模擬結果.......................................27
圖3-16動態遲滯比較器電路...........................................................................28
圖3-17動態遲滯比較器電路軟體模擬的結果...............................................29
圖3-18選擇越大的電容，則會造成波形失真。...........................................29
圖3-19計頻器的工作流程圖...........................................................................30
圖3-20計頻器電路...........................................................................................31
圖3-21方波形成電路.......................................................................................32
圖3-22時基電路...............................................................................................32
圖3-23計數器、暫存器、解碼器及七段顯示器電路...................................34
圖3-24計頻器電路軟體模擬的結果...............................................................35
圖3-25混合波形電路.......................................................................................35
圖3-26混合波形電路軟體模擬的結果...........................................................36
圖3-27諧波經計頻器電路軟體模擬的結果...................................................36
圖4-1任意波函數訊號產生器.........................................................................37
圖4-2電源供應器.............................................................................................37
圖4-3數位式儲存示波器.................................................................................38
圖4-4線性內插法檢測零交越點的硬體實作電路.........................................38
圖4-5(A)上半部光耦合器輸出結果.................................................................39
圖4-5(B)下半部光耦合器輸出結果.................................................................39
圖4-6輸出訊號的週期與頻率.........................................................................40
圖4-7固定遲滯比較器的硬體實作電路.........................................................41
圖4-8固定遲滯比較器的硬體模擬結果.........................................................41
圖4-9動態遲滯比較器的硬體實作電路.........................................................42
圖4-10動態遲滯比較器的硬體模擬結果.......................................................43
圖4-11計頻器的硬體實作電路.......................................................................44
圖4-12計頻器實作整體架構...........................................................................45
圖4-13計頻器電路的硬體模擬結果...............................................................45
圖4-14頻率為57HZ的硬體模擬結果.............................................................46
圖4-15頻率為63HZ的硬體模擬結果.............................................................46
表目錄
表2-1頻率變動管制標準[12].............................................................................6
表3-1光耦合器的優點.....................................................................................14
表3-2各個電阻值的差別.................................................................................24
表4-1計頻器電路的元件.................................................................................43
表4-2使用不同頻率之弦波，進行模擬的結果.............................................46

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