臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在調查消費者對於各種室內用木質地板色紋之視覺意象評價，由於木質地板種類繁多，因此本研究訪問國內三大室內用木質地板廠商，經統計以消費市場的佔有率前12之材種作為研究樣本。同時參考相關設計雜誌和文獻，多方收集可用來形容木質地板視覺意象的語彙，整理出110個適合的形容詞語彙。
第一階段將所收集的110個適合形容木質地板的形容詞語彙，先由10位專業室內設計師的問卷調查，以平均次數高低篩選出較佳的40個形容詞，再以李克特語意量表對114位消費者做問卷調查，所獲得資料以因素分析的統計方法進行分析，經資料彙整後得到6組因素用以形容室內用木質地板之視覺意象的形容詞語彙，分別重新命名為：(1)優雅柔美的、(2)親近舒適的、(3)古典原始的、(4)溫馨隨和的、(5)耐用實在的和(6)自然質樸的。
第二階段針對各木質地板的色紋視覺特性，以實品拍照和網頁收尋方式，收集所選定12個材種木質地板的單元影像，經由電腦繪圖模擬實景輸出圖像，配合6組形容詞語彙，以模糊語意變數量表設計問卷，對102位消費者做室內用木質地板色紋之視覺意象評價調查。所得資料以三角模糊數解模糊化運算，得到12個材種之木質地板分別在6個視覺意象的評價分數與排序。
研究結果顯示：(一) 不同材種木質地板的視覺意象評價在「古典原始的」、「耐用實在的」和「自然質樸的」三項差異性較小，而在「優雅柔美的」、「親近舒適的」和「溫馨隨和的」三項差異範圍較大。(二) 紅檀木(Myroxylon balsamum, MB) 除了在「自然質樸的」外，各項評價都很高，且在「優雅柔美的」和「耐用實在的」兩項評價最高。另外，在「親近舒適的」、「古典原始的」、「溫馨隨和的」和「自然質樸的」評價最高的則分別為紅橡木(Quercus rubra, QR)、胡桃木(Juglans nigra, JN)、楓木(Acer saccharum, AS)和澳洲檜木(Callitris hugelii,CH)。(三)對各木質地板在整體視覺意象評價數據做綜合性比較，可進一步將12個材種木質地板歸納成為色紋視覺意象具有共同特徵之6個族群，其中如紅橡木(Quercus rubra, QR)、楓木(Acer saccharum, AS)和白橡木(Quercus alba, QA)的整體視覺意象相似，較具「優雅柔美的」、「耐用實在的」、「親近舒適的」和「溫馨隨和的」。另外山胡桃(Carya ovate, CO)、松木(Pinus rigida, PR)和尤加利(Castanea sativa, CS)的整體視覺意象則較具「古典原始的」和「自然質樸的」。而在同一族群的木質地板，相互之間在視覺意象方面具有可替代性。

This study was aimed to investigate the visual evaluations of interior wood flooring on color and grain. There are a great number of options among the wood species of flooring, so three of main wood flooring manufacturers with high market share and large scale in Taiwan were interviewed first to understand the current market of wood flooring. The top 12 wood species in terms of market share were regarded as the research samples. Besides, adjectives related to the visual images of wood flooring were collected from papers and studies related to wood material and style images. Interior design magazines were referred and employed as the major sources for adjective collection. In total, 110 adjectives suitable for expressing the images of wood flooring were applied in this study.
Through the expert questionnaire in the first stage, the 110 image adjectives were used to establish a questionnaire, and 40 adjectives of top scores which were the most suitable for describing wood flooring images were discovered by ten interior designers. Factor analysis was applied to the 40 adjectives to summarize adjective phrases which included 17 adjectives and 6 factors. The 6 factors of adjective phrases were renamed as : (1) Elegant and Soft, (2) Close and Comfortable, (3) Classical and Primitive, (4) Fragrant and Amiable, (5) Durable and Practical and (6) Natural and Unadorned.
The products and images of the 12 wood species of flooring were collected, and computer graphic was used to create the virtual image files. Combining with the aforementioned 6 visual image adjective phrases to design a questionnaire by the triangular fuzzy number scale and survey the visual evaluations of consumers.
Triangular fuzzy number of fuzzy theory was employed to obtain the scores of the 12 species of wood flooring in the 6 visual image adjective phrases. The results showed that the differences between different species of wood flooring in the visual evaluation were less significant in terms of ‘‘Classical and Primitive’’, ‘‘Durable and Practical’’, and ‘‘Natural and Unadorned’’. However, the differences were more significant in terms of ‘‘Elegant and Soft’’, ‘‘Close and Comfortable’’, and ‘‘Fragrant and Amiable’’. The scores of Myroxylon balsamum were high in each evaluation dimension except ‘‘Natural and Unadorned’’, and the scores were the highest in ‘‘Elegant and Soft’’ as well as ‘‘Durable and Practical’’. In addition, the wood species receiving the highest scores in ‘‘Close and Comfortable’’, ‘‘Classical and Primitive’’, ‘‘Fragrant and Amiable’’ and ‘‘Natural and Unadorned’’ were respectively Quercus rubra, Juglans nigra, Acer saccharum, and Callitris hugelii.
Furthermore, 6 groups with relative overall visual images were induced from the comparison of wood flooring by qualitative classification. For example, the overall visual images of Quercus rubra, Acer saccharum and Quercus alba were similar, and they were more ‘‘Elegant and Soft’’, ‘‘Durable and Practical’’, ‘‘Close and Comfortable’’, and ‘‘Fragrant and Amiable’’. The overall visual images of Carya ovata, Pinus rigida and Castanea sativa were similar, and they tended to be ‘‘Classical and Primitive’’ and ‘‘Natural and Unadorned’’.

第一章 緒論 1
一、研究動機 2
二、研究目的 3
三、研究範圍與限制 4
四、研究基本架構 5
第二章 文獻探討 7
一、視覺意象 7
二、木材的視覺特徵 8
(一) 木材的材色 9
(二) 木材的紋理 12
(三) 木材意象之相關研究 14
三、木質地板 16
(一) 木質地板的種類 16
(二) 木質地板喜好之相關研究 20
四、模糊理論 21
(一) 三角模糊數 22
(二) 三角模糊數和語意變量 25
(三) 三角模糊數之運算和解模糊化 28
五、感性工學 31
(一) 感性工學的定義 32
(二) 感性工學的類型 33
(三) 感性工學在設計應用的相關研究 35
六、產品評價 36
(一) 評價理論 36
(二) 評價方法 39
七、因素分析 40
(一) 因素分析的功能 41
(二) 因素分析的基本假定 42
(三) 因素分析的目的 42
(四) 因素分析的檢定 43
(五) 因素的萃取 44
(六) 因素負荷量 46
(七) 因素的轉軸 47
八、小結 48
第三章 研究方法 49
一、研究流程 49
二、形容詞語彙篩選 51
(一) 形容詞語彙蒐集 51
(二) 形容詞語彙初步之篩選 52
三、室內用木質地板材種樣本 53
(一) 木質地板材種選擇 53
(二) 木質地板材種樣本製作 57
四、木質地板視覺意象評價問卷調查設計 59
第四章 研究結果與分析 61
一、形容詞語彙的萃取 61
(一) 因素分析結果 61
(二) 因素重命名 66
二、木質地板視覺意象評價問卷調查結果 67
(一) 問卷調查結果之三角模糊平均數 71
(二) 三角模糊平均數之隸屬函數 74
(三) 三角模糊數之解模糊化與排序 76
(四) 木質地板於各視覺意象評價之雷達圖 80
(五) 木質地板材種之群組 82
三、研究結果驗證 86
四、木質地板視覺意象之設計應用寶典 87
第五章 結論與建議 89
參考文獻 91
附錄
附錄1 木質地板形容詞語彙專家問卷
附錄2 木質地板形容詞語彙消費者問卷
附錄3 木質地板視覺意象評價問卷

王升陽、張上鎮、蘇裕昌 (1994) 環境因子對台灣杉心材變色之影響。林產工業 13(3) : 351-361。
王松永 (2003) 木質環境科學。國立編譯館 pp. 534-549。
王保進 (1996) 統計套裝程式SPSS與行為科學研究。松崗圖書。
王振琤 (2009) 應用數量化理論一類於產品一項之最適化造型設計─以個人數位助理為例。遠東學報26(1)：155-166。
王朝正、吳柏林、林原宏 (2002) 模糊語意量表信效度與模糊眾數分析研究。和學研究通訊 pp. 11-30。
任億安、吳萬益、陳麗琴、塗三賢 (1997) 台灣木質地板市場調查分析。林產工業12(4)：451-458。
李俊慧 (1999) 台灣北部地區住宅居住性－木質材料應用調查研究。國立台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。
李薦宏 (1995) 形、生活與設計。亞太圖書。
林邦傑 (1979) 因素分析及其應用。企業研究應用技術大全(2)。大世紀pp. 19.1-19.37。
林原宏 (2001) 模糊語意變數量表計分之信度模擬分析。測驗統計年刊 9：193-219。
林俊成、鄭美如、陳麗琴、劉淑芬 (2002) 台灣地區木質地板消費習性之研究。林產工業21(1)：9-16。
林振陽 (1984) 產品評價技術應用於工業產品設計上效用性之研究。工職雙月刊 4(8)：31-42。
林振陽、蕭世文、羅際鋐、柯雅娟 (2009) 應用模糊理論於創意形態設計之發展。南華大學應用藝術與設計學報 4：25-37。
周國強 (2002) 經濟系統綜合經濟效應評價方法比較。武漢理工大學學報 6：18-29。
徐村和、朱國民、詹惠君 (2001) 模糊語意尺度之研究。企業管理學報 51：27-52。
陳長志 (2007) 木質材料意象應用在家具設計之研究。南華大學應用藝術與設計學系碩士論文。
陳泰松 (1997) 木材紋理樣式的視覺特性。台灣手工業 60：21-29。
陳國祥、管倖生、鄧怡莘、張育銘 (2001) 感性工學－將感性予以理性化的方法。工業設計29(1) pp. 2-16。
游萬來、周鴻儒譯，Harold R. Buhl原著 (1992) 創造性工程設計。六合出版社。
張上鎮、王升陽、蘇裕昌 (1993) 與木材光變色有關之抽出成份的反應機制及其防止方法之探討。中華林學季刊26(2)：113-125。
張上鎮、王升陽、吳季玲 (1998) 與木材顏色有關之抽出成份。林產工業17(2)： 421-434。
傅士航(2010) 汽車用抬頭顯示器顯示內容與感性意象之關聯性分析。台灣大學工學院機械工程學系碩士論文。
彭明齡 (2000) 語言心理學。北京師範大學出板社。
雷時雨 (2002) 生活型態與家具木質紋理偏好的研究。，台灣手工業 65：20-34。
葉民權、蔡宇哲、林玉麗、曾偉菱、林以婷 (2014) 木質地板之材色意象與腦電波視覺反應之探討。 臺灣林業科學 29(2)：134-147。
鄭國裕、林磐聳 (1990) 色彩計劃。藝風堂。
劉正宇、盧崑宗 (2002) 木材塗裝工程。藝軒圖書 pp.5-67。
盧崑宗 (1998) 木材透明塗裝後之材色變化分析。林產工業17(4)：761-772。
盧崑宗 (1987) 木質地板之塗裝處理。林產工業 6(2)：51-54。
Bellman, R. and L.A. Zadeh (1970) Decision making in a fuzzy environment. Management science 17b(4): 141-164.
Berger, G., H. Katz and A. J. Petutschnigg (2006) What consumers feel and prefer: Haptic perception of various wood flooring surfaces. Forest Prod. J 56: 42-47.
Bowe, S. A. and M.S. Bumgardner (2004) Species selection in secondary wood products: perspectives from different consumers. Wood Fiber Sci 36: 319-328.
Broman, N. O. (2001) Aesthetic properties in knotty wood surfaces and their connection with people`s preferences. J Wood Sci 47:192-198.
Brown, F. G. (1983) Principles of educational and psychological testing. Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Bumgardner, M. S. and S. A. Bowe (2002) Species selection in secondary wood products: Implications for product design and promotion. Wood Fiber Sci 34: 408-418.
Chen, C. T. (2001) A fuzzy approach to select the location of the distribution center. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 118: 65-73.
Chen, S. H. (1985) Operations on fuzzy numbers with function principle. Journal of Management Sciences 6(1): 13-25.
Chen, S. H. (1985) Ranking fuzzy numbers with maximizing set. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 17: 113-129.
Chen, S. J. and C. L. Hwang (1992) Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making method and application. Spring-Verlag, New York.
Cheng, C. H., J. W. Wang and M. C. Wu (2009) OWA-Weighted based clustering method for classification problem. Expert Systems With Applications 36(3): 4988-4995.
Comrey, A. L. and H. B. Lee (1992) A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Crilly, N., J. Moultrie and P. J. Clarkson (2004) Seeing Thing: consumer response to the visual domain in product design. Design Studies 20: 1-31.
Dichter, E. (1985) What’s in an Image. The Journal of Consumer Marketing 2: 75-81.
Dubois, D. and H. Prade (1980) Operations on fuzzy numbers. International Journal of Systems Science 9(6) : 613-626.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983) Factor analysis(2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hair, J., R. Anderson, R. Tatham and W. Black (1998) Multivariate data analysis. New York, Macmillan p.112.
Heufler, G. (2004) Design Basics: From Idea to product. California: Ram Pubns &; Dist p.53.
Hsiao, S.W. (1998) Fuzzy logic based decision model for product design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 21: 103-116.
Hsiao, K. A., L. L. Chen (2006) Fundamental dimensions of affective responses to product shapes. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 36: 553-564.
Jonsson, R. (2005) The end consumer’s choice of floorcovering in The Netherlands and the United Kingdom: A comparative pilot study of substitute competition. J Wood Sci. 51: 154-160.
Jordan, P. W. (2000) Designing Pleasurable Products : An Induction to New Human Factors. London: Taylor and Francis.
Kaufmann, A. and M. M. Gupta (1985) Introduction to fuzzy arithmetic: Theory and applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Kobayashi, Y., M. Abe, Y. Totsuka (2006) Sight sensory evaluation of grain and figure for fittings. JSSD 53: 48-49.
Kubler, H. (1980) Wood as Building and Hobby Material. John Wiley &; Sons, New York.
Lai, H. H., Y. C. Lin, C.H. Yeh and C. H. Wei (2006) User-oriented design for the optimal combination on product design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 100: 253-267.
Long, J. C. (1983) Confirmatory factor analysis. CA: SAGE.
MacCallum, R. C., K. F. Widaman, S. Zhangand and S. Hong (1999) Sample size in factor analysis. Psychology Methods 4: 84-99.
Masuda, M. (1985) Influence of color and glossiness on image of wood. Journal of the Society of Materials Science 34: 972-978.
McKellar P. (1972) Imagery from the standpoint of introspection. P. W. Sheehan Academic Press, New York: 36-61.
Minemura, N. and K. Umehara (1979) Color improvement of wood. I. Rept. Hokkaido For. Res. Inst. 68: 92-145.
Nagamachi, M. (1995) Kansei engineering: a new ergonomic consumer-oriented technology for product development, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 15: 3-11.
Nakamura, M. and T. Kondo (2008) Quantification of visual inducement of knots by eye-tracking. J Wood Sci 54: 22-27.
Nakamura, M. (1991) A study on producing radial section models by computer graphic unit and the image: How "natural" affect sensation and the image. Proceedings of the 41th Conference of the Japan Wood Research Society: 390-395.
Nakamura, M., Y. Miyake and T. Nakano (2012) Effect of image characteristics of edge-grain patterns on visual impressions. J Wood Sci 58:505-512.
Nakatsuka, S. and H. Aoyama (2006) Design system of texture with natural impression. JSSD 53: 154-155.
Nyrud, A.Q. and T. Bringslimark (2010) Is interior wood use psychologically beneficial? A review of psychological response toward wood. Wood Fiber Sci 42:202-218.
Ogawa, T., Y. Nagai and M. Ikeda (2009) An ontological approach to designers' idea explanation style: Towards supporting the sharing of Kansei-ideas in textile design. Advanced Engineering Informatics 23: 157-164.
Roy, R., M. Goatman and K. Khangura (2009) User-centric design and Kansei Engineering. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 1: 172-178.
Sanders, M. S. and E. J. McCormick (1993) Human factors in engineering and design. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Scholz, S.W. and R. Decker (2007) Measuring the impact of wood species on consumer preferences for wooden furniture by means of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Forest Prod J. 57: 23-28.
Shiraishi, T., T. Koide, M. Abe, Y. Totsuka and H. Tanaka (2006) Sensory evaluation on “KIGAMI and KIORI” of processing wood and proposal of new using. JSSD 53: 193-194.
Sun, J., D. K. Kalenchuk, D. Xue and P. Gu (2000) Design candidate identification using neural network based fuzzy reasoning. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing 16: 383-396.
Takahashi, T., M. Suzuki and T. Nakao (1995) Wood science seminar 5 - Environment. Kaiseisha Press, Tokyo.
Tanoue, C., K. Ishizaka and M. Nagamachi (1997) Kansei Engineering : A study on perception of vehicle interior image. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 19: 115-128.
Teng, J.Y. and G.H. Tzeng (1993) Multi-criteria evaluation for strategies of improving and controlling air quality in the supper city: A case study of Taipei City. Journal of Environmental Management 40(3): 213-229.
Tsai, H.C. and S.W. Hsiao (2004) Evaluation of alternatives for product customization using fuzzy logic. Information Sciences 158: 233–262.
Wang, M. J. and T. C. Chang (1995) Tool steel materials selection under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 72: 263-270.
Weinber, R. S. and D. Gloud (2002) Foundation of Sports and Exercise Psychology(2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Yamada, M. and T. Shiraishi (2006) The orientation and height of the wood used for wall affects the apparent space size. JSSD 53: 24-25.
Zadeh, L.A. (1965) Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8: 338-353.
Zadeh, L. A. (1975) The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Information Science 8: 199-249.
Zimmermann H. J. (1987) Fuzzy Sets, Decision Making and Expert Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
百度百科－http://baike.baidu.com/subview/26945/12653601.htm#viewPageContent/
點一點室內設計－http://www.idid.com.tw/price-estimator/wood-floor.html/Ua Floors－http://www.uafloors.com.tw/library3.html/