臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

此實驗利用脈衝式雷射蒸鍍法(pulsed laser deposition, PLD)和爐管式化學氣相蒸鍍儀(tube furnace chemical vapor deposition chamber)製作不同粒徑的零維奈米鉍粒子樣品以及有相同粒徑但不同氧化程度的零維奈米鉍粒子樣品。接著使用場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(field-emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM)、X-ray繞射儀(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)、X-ray光電子能譜儀(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)分析樣品表面形貌和成分結構。結果顯示製作出的奈米粒粒徑大小分布在30到120奈米之間，成分主要為純鉍(Bi)金屬，晶體結構為六角晶系(hexagonal system)。但粒子表面會因暴露在大氣中而輕微氧化形成三氧化二鉍(Bi2O3)，且可以藉由通氧退火提高氧化程度。而在使用超導量子干涉儀(superconducting quantum interference device, SQUID)量測鉍的磁性時發現，與塊材鉍的逆磁性不同，奈米鉍粒子為超順磁性。磁矩大小約104 波耳磁子(μB)，且會隨顆粒粒徑改變。

In this experiment, bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles have been prepared with different size and oxidation by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and tube furnace chemical vapor deposition chamber, then were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the bismuth nanoparticles size range from about 30 to120 nm and mainly composed of bismuth element. The lattice system of the particle is hexagonal system. The surface of bismuth nanoparticles was oxidized slightly to bismuth oxide (Bi2O3). The oxidation of bismuth nanoparticles could be increased by being annealed with oxygen. In the magnetic measurement by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), bismuth nanoparticles were found that the magnetic properties of the particles are superparamagnetic different from bismuth bulks which are diamagnetic. The magnetic moment is about 1×104 Bohr magneton (μB), and the moment would change with particle size.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
第一章 研究動機與文獻回顧 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.2.1 鉍(bismuth)之性質 2
1.2.2 磁性的種類 3
第二章 材料製作設備與方法 13
2.1脈衝雷射蒸鍍法(pulsed laser deposition, PLD) 14
2.2爐管式化學氣相蒸鍍儀(tube furnace chemical vapor deposition chamber) 15
2.3實驗材料和設備 16
2.4實驗參數 19
2.5 實驗步驟 21
第三章 分析儀器與原理 23
3.1 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡(field-emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM) 23
3.2 X-ray繞射儀(X-ray Diffractometer, XRD) 26
3.3 X-ray光電子能譜儀(X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, XPS) 28
3.4 超導量子干涉儀 (superconducting quantum interference device, SQUID) 29
第四章 實驗數據與分析 33
4.1 不同粒徑之零維奈米鉍粒子樣品量測 33
4.1.1 使用場發射掃描電子顯微鏡分析零維奈米鉍粒子 33
4.1.2 使用X-ray繞射儀分析零維奈米鉍粒子 38
4.1.3 使用X-ray光電子能譜儀分析零維奈米鉍粒子 39
4.1.4 使用超導量子干涉儀分析零維奈米鉍粒子 43
4.2 退火過之零維奈米鉍粒子樣品量測 51
4.2.1 使用場發射掃描電子顯微鏡分析退火過零維奈米鉍粒子 51
4.2.2 使用X-ray繞射儀分析退火過零維奈米鉍粒子 55
4.2.3 使用X-ray光電子能譜儀分析退火過零維奈米鉍粒子 57
4.2.4 使用超導量子干涉儀分析退火過零維奈米鉍粒子 67
4.3 實驗結果總結 72
參考文獻 75

[1] 馬遠榮，奈米科技，城邦文化事業股份有限公司，台灣，108頁(2002)。
[2] 簡紋濱、陳怡然，奈米顆粒的磁性，物理雙月刊，廿八卷五期，台灣，831-835頁(2006)。
[3] Wikipedia.org, superparamagnetism [Online] (2015)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superparamagnetism
[4] 梁浚泊，利用脈衝雷射合成零維奈米鉍粒子與分析其性質，國立東華大學碩士論文，66-72頁(2014)。
[5] 許均銓，顆粒間交互作用對奈米鉍自發磁性之影響，國立中央大學碩士論文，34-35頁(2009)。
[6] 姜壽亭、李衛，凝聚態磁性物理，科學出版社，北京，31-32頁(2003)。
[7] 洪若瑜，磁性納米粒磁性流體製備與應用，化學工業出版社，北京，12頁(2008)。
[8] Xuan, S., Wang, Y. J., Yu, J. C. &; Leung, K. C., Tuning the Grain Size and Particle Size of Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Microparticles. Chemistry of Materials, 21, 5079-5087(2009).
[9] Shan, Z., Yang, W.-S., Zhang, X., Huang, Q.-M. &; Ye, H., Preparation and characterization of carboxyl-group functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles and the potential for bio-applications. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 18, 1329-1335(2007).
[10] Yang, H.-H., Zhang, S.-Q., Chen, X.-L., Zhuang, Z.-X., Xu, J.-G. &; Wang, X.-R., Magnetite-Containing Spherical Silica Nanoparticles for Biocatalysis and Bioseparations. Analytical Chemistry, 76, 1316-1321(2004).
[11] Dormann, J.L., Cherkaoui, R., Spinu, L., Noguès, M., Lucari, F., D'Orazio, F., Fiorani, D., Garcia, A., Tronc, E. &; Jolivet, J. P., From pure superparamagnetic regime to glass collective state of magnetic moments in γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle assemblies. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 187, 139-144(1998).
[12] 姜壽亭、李衛，凝聚態磁性物理，科學出版社，北京，278-280頁(2003)。
[13] Liu, C., Rondinone, A. J. &; John, Z., Synthesis of magnetic spinel ferrite CoFe2O4 nanoparticles from ferric salt and characterization of the size-dependent superparamagnetic properties. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 72, 37-45(2000).
[14] Kenneth J. K., Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, John Wiley &; Sons, Inc., New York, 211(2001).
[15] Zhang, Y.D., Budnick, J. I., Hines, W. A., Chien, C. L. &; Xiao, J. Q., Effect of magnetic field on the superparamagnetic relaxation in granular Co-Ag samples. Applied Physics Letters, 72, 2053-2055(1998).
[16] Wang, K., Laser Based Fabrication of Graphene. Advances in Graphene Science, InTech [Online] (2013)
http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-graphene-science/laser-based-fabrication-of-graphene
[17] 陳銘堯，簡介脈衝雷射蒸鍍法，物理雙月刊，十五卷五期，台灣，669-673頁(1993)。
[18] Miao C., Zheng C., Liang O. &; Xie Y.-., Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene. Physics and Applications of Graphene - Experiments, InTech, 37-38(2011).
[19] 林智仁，場發射式電子顯微鏡簡介，工業材料雜誌，181期，94-99頁(2002)。
[20] 日本電子株式会社, 走查電子顕微鏡基本用語集[Online](2015)
http://www.jeol.co.jp/words/semterms/contents_list.html?category=52
[21] 許樹恩、吳泰伯，X光繞射原理與材料結構分析，中國材料科學學會，台灣，219-220頁(1992)。
[22] 許樹恩、吳泰伯，X光繞射原理與材料結構分析，中國材料科學學會，台灣，529頁(1992)。
[23] Turner, N.H. &; Schreifels, J. A., Surface Analysis: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 66, 163-185(1994).
[24] You, J.Q. &; Nori, F., Atomic physics and quantum optics using superconducting circuits. Nature, 474, 589-597(2011).
[25] Josephson, B.D., Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling. Physics Letters, 1, 251-253(1962).
[26] HyperPhysics, SQUID Magnetometer[Online](2015)
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html
[27] Quantum Design, Inc., Magnetic property measurement system hardware reference manual, Quantum Design, San Diego,CA, 8(1996).
[28] 田民波，薄膜技術與薄膜材料，五南圖書出版股份有限公司，台灣，248-257頁(2007)。
[29] Jill C., John F M., Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Physical Electronics, Inc, USA, 25(1995).
[30] Petrosyan, V.I., Molin, V.N., Vasin, O.I., Skripkina, P.A., Stenin, S.I. &; Batyev, E.G., Superconductivity in polycrystalline bismuth films. Soviet physics-JETP, 39, 996-1004(1974).
[31] Coffey W. T., Kalmykov Yu. P. &; Waldron J. T., The Langevin Equation with Applications in Physics, Chemistry and Electrical Engineering, World Scientific, USA, 65-66(1995).