臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自第二次世界大戰以來，隨著國際貿易成長，帶動全球貨櫃航運需求的蓬勃發展。然而，近年來隨著世界原油價格不斷上漲，航商為了降低成本紛紛採取「加船減速」及「船舶大型化」等對策，其伴隨而來的便是航商對貨櫃之需求大幅上升。航商雖擁有龐大資金，但貨櫃需求量的增加仍壓迫其資金彈性，所以為了降低資金壓力，航商逐漸選擇以租賃的方式取得貨櫃。此外，對託運人而言航商使用自有櫃或租賃櫃來提供運輸服務，對其並無任何差異，故自有櫃與租賃櫃可視為同質的生產要素。因此，本研究依據經濟學生產理論的觀點，透過建構二階三要素之固定替代彈性生產函數(two-level CES production function)，來求得自有櫃與租賃櫃之間的替代彈性，以探討航商選擇購買或租賃貨櫃之考量因素。
本研究之實證結果顯示：自有櫃與租賃櫃之替代彈性顯著不為零，而此一結果亦說明自有貨櫃與租賃貨櫃之間存在些微替代性。因此，影響航商選用不同貨櫃之決策因素，除了受到租金率及自有櫃持有成本的影響之外，主要的考量因素可由產業、策略及成本等方面著手。其中包含：航運產業環境變化如：船舶大型化；不同租賃方式的選擇如：售後租回或長期租約；以及航商與租櫃業者之間市場力的大小；與貨櫃的管理成本等影響，皆為航商採取混合貨櫃且維持相對固定的租櫃比例，但歷年來卻仍有些微變動的重要因素。

Since World War II, the growth of international trade has promoted global container shipping demand rapidly. However, with the rising crude oil prices in recent years, shipping lines tend to reduce cost by “sailing speed reduction” and “containership enlargement”. It brings about a substantial increase in containers demand for shipping lines. Despite the huge capital funds, the increasing expense caused by container enlargement still oppressed their capital cost flexibility, therefore, in order to reduce the financial pressure, some companies choose to lease containers instead. Besides, containers owned by the shipping lines themselves or from leasing companies are generally regarded as homogeneous factor inputs and can substitute each other perfectly in providing the shipping service. The study is mainly to find out the factors which have effects on shipping lines when they determine to buy or lease containers. The study was conducted on the theory of production from the view point of economic by using a two-level constant-elasticity-of-substitution production function to seek for the elasticity of substitution between the owned and leased containers. The results show the significance of the elasticity of substitution between owned and leased containers is not zero. Therefore, the rental rate and holding cost are not the only factors affect shipping lines on making their decision to buy or lease containers, the considerations of industry, strategy and cost aspects could have been the main reason as well. Several strategic concerns including the changes of shipping industry, the sale and leaseback, the long-term leasing contract, and the market power between shipping lines and leasing companies, and container management costs, all may play key roles in determining the mix of owned and leased containers for the shipping lines.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
壹、緒論 1
一、 研究背景與動機 1
二、 研究目的 4
三、 研究步驟與流程 5
貳、文獻探討 7
参、研究方法 11
一、 建構生產函數 11
二、 替代彈性之定義 13
三、 two-level CES生產函數之參數估計 14
肆、實證分析 17
一、 變數說明與資料來源 17
二、 簡單敘述分析 19
三、 實證分析結果 21
伍、結論與建議 32
一、 結論 32
二、 研究限制與建議 33
參考文獻 34

1.王立坤，2003，“班輪公司集裝箱經營管理若干問題分析”，上海海事大學，碩士論文。
2.林光，1998，海運學，四版，華泰文化事業股份有限公司，台北。
3.周申，張亮，2012，“我國熟練、非熟練勞動替代彈性探究”，山東財政學院學報，117卷，1期，頁14~21，1月。
4.黃明居，張嘉修，2012，“航運公司租櫃調度模式之研究”，航運季刊，21卷，3期，頁1~24，9月。
5.趙時樑，涂智凱，2009，“珠江三角洲空櫃調度問題之研究”，98年度中華民國運輸學會學術論文研討會，頁1947~1970，12月。
6.趙時樑，劉學文，蔡佩真，2012，“探討定期航商長期租賃貨櫃關鍵決策因素之研究”，101年度中華民國運輸學會學術論文國際研討會，頁1~18，7月。
7.劉麗，吳文一，2011，“集裝箱班輪公司自有箱和租箱選擇研究”，物流工程與管理，33卷，6期，頁55-56。
8.Benjamin, J. D., Torre C., Musumeci, J., 1998, “Rationales for Real Estate Leasing versus Owning”, Journal of Real Estate Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.223-238.
9.Containerisation International Yearbook, 2012-2013, Informa Limited, London, UK.
10.Dong, J., and Song, D., 2009, “Container Fleet Sizing and Empty Repositioning in Liner Shipping Systems”, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol. 45, pp.860-877.
11.Fitzroy, F., and Funke, M., 1995, “Capital-Skill Complementarity in West German Manufacturing”, Empirical Economics, vol.20, pp.651-665.
12.Kemfert C., 1998, “Estimated substitution elasticities of a nested CES production function approach for Germany”, Energy Economics, vol. 20, pp.249- 264.
13.Khan, A. H., 1989, “The Two-level CES Production Function for the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan”, The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 28, no. 1, pp.1-12.
14.Kmenta, J., 1967, “On Estimation of the CES Production Function”, International Economic Review, vol. 8, no.2, pp.180-189, June.
15.Liu, C., Jiang, Z., Liu, L., Geng, N., 2013, “Solutions for Flexible Container Leasing Contracts with Options under Capacity and Order Constraints”, International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 141, pp.403-413, January.
16.Mishra, SK., 2006, “A Note on Numerical Estimation of Sato’s Two-Level CES Production Function”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive, no. 1019, pp.1-14, November.
17.Moon, I.-K., Do Ngoc, A., Hur, Y.-S, 2010, “ Positioning Empty Containers among Multiple Ports with Leasing and Purchasing Considerations”, OR Spectrum, vol. 32, pp. 765-786.
18.Notteboom, T., and Rodrigue, J-P., 2008, “Containerization, Box Logistics and Global Supply Chains: The Integration of Ports and Liner Shipping Networks”, Maritime Economics and Logistics, vol. 10, pp.152-174.
19.Panayides, P. M., and Wiedmer R., 2011, “Strategic alliances in container liner shipping”, Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 32, pp.25-38.
20.Richard K. A., and John R. M., 1994, “Substitution and Complementarity in C.E.S. Models”, Southern Economic Journal, vol. 60, no. 4, pp.886-895, April.
21.Rodrigue, J.-P., 2009, “The Repositioning of Empty Containers”, The Geography of Transport Systems, 3rd edtion, edited by Rodrigue, J-P., Comtois, C. and Slack, B., New York: Routledge.
22.Sato, K., 1967, “A Two-Level Constant-Elasticity-of-Substitution Production Function”, The Review of Economic Studies, vol. 34, no. 2, pp.201-218, April.
23.Sahara, T., and Watanabe, T., 2011, “Competitive advantage of new entrant company in intermodal container leasing industry: The case of CAI”, Bulletin of the Research Institute of Commerce, vol. 43, no. 3, pp.1-17.
24.Song, D., and Dong, J., 2011, “Flow-balancing-based Empty Container Repositioning in Typical Shipping Service Routes”, Maritime Economics and Logistics, vol. 13, pp.61-77.
25.Su, X., Zhou, W., Nakagami, K., Ren, H., Mu H., 2012, “Capital stock-labor-energy substitution and production efficiency study for China”, Energy Economics, vol. 34, no. 4, pp.1208–1213, July.
26.Theofanis, S., and Boile, M., 2009, “Empty Marine Container Logistics: Facts, Issues and Management Strategies”, GeoJournal, vol. 74, pp.51-65.
27.Thursby, J., and Lovell, C., 1978, “An Investigation of the Kmenta Approximation to the CES Function”, International Economic Review, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.363-377.
28.UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, 1997-2014, United Nations.
29.Wang, D.-H., 2014, “The Woes of the Container Leasing Industry”, International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.7-25, January.
30.Wehrheim, M., 2011, The buy or lease decision: An enhanced theoretical model based on empirical analyses with implications for the container financing decision of shipping lines, Peter Lang, Frankfurt, Germany.
31.Wu, W.-M., and Lin, T.-H., 2015, “Selection behavior of the global container shipping industry for carrier-owned and leased containers”, Transport Policy, vol. 37, pp.11-19, January.