鄰苯二甲酸酯類物質(Phthalate esters, PAE)廣泛的運用在工業化學品上做為塑料加工的增塑劑，隨著塑料製品的生產、使用和廢棄，已造成其進入到環境中，而鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP]和鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯[Dibutyl phthalate, DBP]是最常在環境樣本中被檢測到的鄰苯二甲酸酯類，所以本研究特別針對這兩種PAE進行分析。微生態系統不包括自然生態系統之所有結構與其過程，簡化了自然生態系統，可減少其他環境因子的干擾且能控制實驗參數。所以，本研究藉由在實驗室中建構水生與陸生兩種微生態系統，以了解DEHP和DBP在進入環境後，於水體、土壤、底泥、生物體之分布及生物中的累積效應與毒性效應，並以底泥毒性試驗來分析其對低棲生物之影響。
結果顯示DEHP與DBP於水生微生態系統中主要分布在底泥(DEHP: 90.0~95.6%; DBP: 68.7~73.7%)，其次是懸浮微粒(DEHP: 8.3~36.6%; DBP: 23.5~24.8%)，接著是水體(DEHP: 0.7~1.6%; DBP: 2.2~2.9%)與朱文錦魚肉中(DEHP: 0.03~0.04%; DBP: 0.1~0.2%)，這主要是由於DEHP與DBP具有高辛醇-水分配係數，所以在水與土壤或底泥兩種介質之間，更容易吸附於含有機質的的土壤或底泥中。而朱文錦對於DEHP與DBP之生物濃縮因子(Bioconcentration factor, BCF)分別為338.2~750.3與424.8~1155.4；而其對於DEHP與DBP之生物-底泥累積因子(Biota-sediment accumulation factor, BSAF)分別為0.07~0.27與0.38~1.22，可見朱文錦對於DBP比對DEHP具有較高之生物累積能力，但其BCF皆低於2000(具生物累積力之基準值)，可見朱文錦對這兩種化合物之生物累積力並不高。整個實驗過程並無任何魚體死亡，主要是其所暴露之濃度皆遠低於文獻記載的半致死濃度(Median lethal concentration, LC50)。有暴露DEHP與DBP之魚血漿中卵黃前質濃度比未暴露高，且隨著暴露時間增加卵黃前質濃度有降低的情形。
陸生微生態系統中極大部分的DEHP與DBP分布於土壤中(DEHP: 97.7~99.7%; DBP: 98.1~99.9%)，少部分分布於滲出水的懸浮顆粒(DEHP: 0.02~2.12%; DBP: 0.02~1.26%)、滲出水(DEHP: 0.03~0.24%; DBP: 0.08~0.6%)與蚯蚓(DEHP: 0~0.03%; DBP: 0~0.01%)中。而蚯蚓對於DEHP與DBP之生物累積因子(Bioaccumulation factor, BAF)分別為0.37&;1.11與0.17&;0.68，可見蚯蚓對這兩種化合物之生物累積力並不高。整個實驗過程並無任何蚯蚓死亡，主要是其所暴露之濃度皆遠低於文獻記載的半致死濃度。
底泥毒性試驗的研究中發現，在單一化合物試驗中DEHP對於絲蚯蚓之LC50為199.3 mg/kg dw，DBP對於絲蚯蚓之LC50為363.1 mg/kg dw。在DEHP與DBP混合試驗中，DEHP對於絲蚯蚓之LC50為59.7 mg/kg dw，可見在DBP的存在下會增加DEHP對絲蚯蚓的毒性作用。
總而言之，DEHP與DBP進入水生生態系統主要累積於底泥中，所以需注意其對底棲生物之影響，特別是其對水生生物之性荷爾蒙干擾作用；而其在陸生生態系統中主要累積在土壤中，而可能影響土壤中生物之生長繁殖。

Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) were widely used as plasticizer of plastics processing. With production, use and wasting of plastics, these chemicals have been released into the environment. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are commonly detected phthalate esters in the environment. Accordingly, these two chemicals were selected as target PAEs in this study. The microcosms simplify the natural ecosystems and do not include all the ecological structures and processes. They can decrease the interferences of other environmental factors and control experimental parameters. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (1) construct different aquatic and terrestrial microcosms to determine distribution of DEHP and DBP in water, sediment, soil and biota; (2) analyze bioaccumulation and toxicity of DEHP and BPA; (3) assess toxic effects of these two compounds on benthic organisms using the sediment toxicity testing.
The results showed that in the aquatic microcosms, DEHP and DBP were mainly distributed in sediments (DEHP: 90.0~95.6%; DBP: 68.7~73.7%), followed by suspended particles (DEHP: 8.3~36.6%; DBP: 23.5~24.8%), and the lowest was in water (DEHP: 0.7~1.6%; DBP: 2.2~2.9%) and fish muscle (DEHP: 0.03~0.04%; DBP: 0.1~0.2%). This is because that DEHP and DBP have high Kow and are easily adsorbed on soils and sediments with high organic contents. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Carassius auratus for DEHP and DBP were 338.2~750.3 and 424.8~1155.4, respectively. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) of Carassius auratus for DEHP and DBP were 0.07~0.27 and 0.38~1.22, respectively. It indicated that Carassius auratus was able to accumulate more DBP than DEHP, but all BCFs were lower than 2000 (bioaccumulative baseline value). It showed that Carassius auratus did not have high ability to accumulate DEHP and DBP. No fish was dead during the experimental period due to much lower exposure dose of DEHP and DBP compared to recorded LC50 (Median lethal concentration). Concentrations of Vitellogenin in fish serum were higher in fish exposed to DEHP and DBP than those in fish without DEHP and DBP exposure. Vitellogenin concentrations in fish exposed to both compounds decreased with the exposure time.
In the terrestrial microcosms, most of DEHP and DBP were distributed in soils (DEHP: 97.7~99.7%; DBP: 98.1~99.9%) and only small amounts were found in leaching suspended particles (DEHP: 0.02~2.12%; DBP: 0.02~1.26%), leaching water (DEHP: 0.03~0.24%; DBP: 0.08~0.6%) and earthworms (DEHP: 0~0.03%; DBP: 0~0.01%). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of earthworms for DEHP and DBP were 0.37&;1.11 and 0.17&;0.68, respectively, indicating low ability of accumulation of earthworm for these two compounds. No earthworm was dead during the experimental period due to much lower exposure dose of DEHP and DBP compared to recorded LC50.
The results of the sediment toxicity testing showed that in single compound test, LC50 of Monopylephorus limosus for DEHP was 199.3 mg/kg dw, and that for DBP was 363.1 mg/kg dw. In two-compound test, LC50 of Monopylephorus limosus for DEHP was 59.7 mg/kg dw. These results showed that the toxic effect of DEHP to Monopylephorus limosus increased under the presence of DBP.
To Sum up, DEHP and DBP mainly accumulated in sediments after releasing into the aquatic ecosystem and might cause toxic effects on benthic organisms, especially the sex hormone disrupling effect. When they were released into the terrestrial ecosystem, they mainly accumulated in soil and might affect the growth and reproduction of soil organisms.

目錄
摘要.............................................................................................................................Ⅰ
Abstract.......................................................................................................................Ⅲ
第一章 序論..............................................................................................................1
1.1研究動機......................................................................................................1
1.2研究目的.....................................................................................................3
第二章 文獻回顧.....................................................................................................4
2.1鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯之基本特性、運作情形、毒性以及宿命與傳輸...........................................................................................4
2.1.1鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的基本特性與運作情形........4
2.1.2鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的毒性........................................7
2.1.3鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的宿命與傳.............................12
2.2鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯之基本特性、運作情形、毒性以及宿命與傳輸................................................................................................................18
2.2.1鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯的基本特性與運作情形..........................18
2.2.2鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯的毒性...........................................................20
2.2.3鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯的宿命與傳輸.............................................25
2.3微生態系統介紹.....................................................................................28
2.4卵黃前質介紹.........................................................................................29
2.5底泥毒性試驗介紹................................................................................30
第三章 材料與方法..............................................................................................33
3.1實驗架構...................................................................................................33
3.2實驗材料...................................................................................................35
3.2.1實驗藥品與儀器..........................................................................35
3.2.2試驗土壤........................................................................................36
3.2.3實驗生物馴養..............................................................................36
3.3實驗設置...................................................................................................36
3.3.1水生微生態系統..........................................................................36
3.3.2陸生微生態系統..........................................................................41
3.3.3底泥毒性試驗..............................................................................44
3.4樣本萃取及分析方法............................................................................46
3.4.1水體樣本萃取方法.....................................................................46
3.4.2底泥與泥土樣本萃取方法.......................................................47
3.4.3懸浮微粒樣本萃取方法............................................................48
3.4.4魚體樣本萃取方法....................................................................48
3.4.5蚯蚓樣本萃取方法.....................................................................50
3.4.6儀器分析方法..............................................................................50
3.5實驗品保/品管........................................................................................51
3.5.1檢量線製備...................................................................................51
3.5.2回收率分析..................................................................................52
3.5.3方法偵測極限建立.....................................................................52
3.6 卵黃前質分析方法. .............................................................................53
3.7生物累積能力分析................................................................................54
3.7.1 生物濃縮因子(BCF)計算方式................................................54
3.7.2 生物底泥累積因子(BSAF)計算方式....................................55
3.7.3 生物累積因子(BAF)計算方式...............................................55
第四章 結果與討論..............................................................................................56
4.1 DEHP、DBP與卵黃前質分析之品保品管......................................56
4.1.1 DEHP與DBP檢量線結果........................................................56
4.1.2 方法偵測極限..............................................................................56
4.1.3添加樣本回收率結果..................................................................57
4.2水生微生態系統結果............................................................................58
4.2.1環境介質中鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯之濃度變化、分布比率與生物累積能力分析. ................................................58
4.2.2環境介質中鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯之濃度變化、分布比率與生物累積能力分析.....................................................................63
4.3陸生微生態系統結果...........................................................................68
4.3.1 環境介質中鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯之濃度變化、分布比率與生物累積能力分析..............................................68
4.3.2環境介質中鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯之濃度變化、分布比率與生物累積能力分析.....................................................................72
4.4底泥毒性試驗..........................................................................................76
4.4.1鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯對絲蚯蚓之毒性試驗...............76
4.4.2鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯對絲蚯蚓之毒性試驗....................................78
4.4.3混合DEHP與DBP對絲蚯蚓之毒性試驗...........................81第五章 結論與建議...... .......................................................................................85
5.1結論............................................................................................................85
5.2建議............................................................................................................87
參考文獻...................................................................................................................89


表目錄
表2-1鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯之物化性質..................................5
表2-2台灣DEHP運作量申報資料........................................................7
表2-3國和國際組織對於DEHP的致癌性評估...................................11
表2-4加拿大環境部、美國、歐盟、聯合國環境署對生物累積性的評估標準...........................................................................................14
表2-5世界各國環境介質中DEHP之濃度範圍..................................17
表2-6 2008~2012年DBP之用量資料....................................................20
表2-7國際組織對於DBP的致癌性評估.............................................25
表2-8 DBP於各國環境流布調查結果..................................................27
表3-1水生微生態系統測定條件...........................................................39
表3-2陸生微生態系統測定條件............................................................42
表3-3底泥毒性試驗設定參數...............................................................45
表4-1各實驗所建立之檢量線................................................................56
表4-2各基質中DEHP之回收率...........................................................57
表4-3各基質中DBP之回收率...............................................................58
表4-4第7、14、21天DEHP於各介質之分布百分比........................62
表4-5第7、14、21天DBP於各介質之分布百分比..........................67

表4-6第0、7、14天DEHP於各介質之分布百分比........................71
表4-7第0、7、14天DBP於各介質之分布百分比...........................75


圖目錄
圖2-1 鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯之結構式....................................4
圖2-2 鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯之結構式....................................................19
圖3-1實驗架構........................................................................................34
圖3-2水生微生態系統............................................................................40
圖3-3陸生微生態系統............................................................................43
圖3-4流水式底泥毒性測試系統............................................................46
圖4-1水中DEHP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化...................................61
圖4-2懸浮微粒中DEHP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化.... ..................61
圖4-3底泥中DEHP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化...............................62
圖4-4魚體中DEHP在7、14、21天實驗期間之濃度值.........................62
圖4-5水中DBP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化......................................65
圖4-6懸浮微粒中DBP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化..........................66
圖4-7底泥中DBP在21天實驗期間之濃度變化..................................66
圖4-8魚體中DBP在7、14、21天實驗期間之濃度值............................67
圖4-9魚體血漿中VTG在7、14、21天實驗期間之濃度值....................67
圖4-10土壤中DEHP於14天實驗期間之濃度值.................................70
圖4-11滲出水中DEHP於14天實驗期間之濃度值.............................70
圖4-12滲出水的懸浮微粒中DEHP 14天實驗期間之濃度值.............71
圖4-13蚯蚓中DEHP於14天實驗期間之濃度值.................................71
圖4-14土壤中DBP於14天實驗期間之濃度值...................................74
圖4-15滲出水中DBP 於14天實驗期間之濃度值...............................74
圖4-16滲出水的懸浮微粒中DBP 於14天實驗期間之濃度值.........75
圖4-17蚯蚓中DBP於 14天實驗期間之濃度值................................75
圖4-18毒性試驗期間底泥中DEHP濃度變化......................................77
圖4-19在暴露不同濃度DEHP 10天後絲蚯蚓之存活率變化.............78
圖4-20在暴露不同濃度DEHP 10天後，DEHP濃度與絲蚯蚓存活率之迴歸分析.................................................................................78
圖4-21毒性試驗期間底泥中DBP濃度變化.......................................80
圖4-22在暴露不同濃度DBP 10天後絲蚯蚓之存活率變化................81
圖4-23在暴露不同濃度DBP 10天後，DBP濃度與絲蚯蚓存活率之迴歸分析....................................................................................81
圖4-24底泥中DEHP+DBP毒性試驗期間DEHP濃度變化.................83
圖4-25 DEHP+DBP毒性試驗期間DBP濃度變化.............................83
圖4-26在暴露不同濃度DEHP與DBP 10天後絲蚯蚓之存活率變
化................................................................................................84
圖4-27在暴露不同濃度DEHP與DBP 10天後，DEHP濃度與絲蚯蚓存活率之迴歸分析....................................................................84

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