臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在開發一具有良好驅控與再生煞車性能之電池/超電容供電電動車用無位置感測內置磁石永磁同步馬達驅動系統。於閒置狀態下，利用馬達驅動系統既存電路元件適當組接，可具電網至車輛及車輛至家庭/車輛至電網等功能。此外，所配備之能源收集系統，可使交流電源與太陽光伏輸入提供能源支持。蓄電池與超電容分別經由交錯式及標準雙向直流-直流轉換器介接至馬達驅動系統之直流鏈。超電容可輔助馬達之加速，及儲存再生煞車回送之能量進而轉存至電池。所提之高頻注入無位置感測控制機構，利用變化頻率之注入信號，避免內置磁石永磁同步馬達反電動勢之諧波效應。藉由合宜之控制，所建驅動系統具良好之驅控特性，含加/減速、反轉及再生煞車等。另外亦從事所建無位置感測馬達驅動系統與標準驅動系統之性能實測比較評定。
在電網至車輛操作上，以切換式整流器建構之車載充電器，可得良好之充電特性及交流入電電力品質。至於車輛至家庭/車輛至電網之操作，所建構之單相三線式變頻器可產出具良好波形品質的220V/110V 60Hz交流電壓，供給家用電器以減少自市電汲取之能源；更甚者，可回送預設之功率至市電。
對於所建構之能源收集系統，車輛於路跑情況下，所收集之太陽光伏能源可直接對電池充電。於閒置時，太陽光伏與單相交流電源均可利用馬達驅動系統既存電路元件對電池充電。

This thesis develops an electric vehicle position sensorless interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive powered by battery/supercapacitor (SC) having good driving and regenerative braking performances. In idle condition, it possesses grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-home (V2H) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities using the embedded motor drive components. Moreover, an energy harvesting system is equipped to allow the energy support from the AC source and photovoltaic (PV). The battery and SC are respectively interfaced to the motor drive DC-link via an interleaved and a standard bidirectional DC/DC converters. The SC can assist the motor in acceleration and store the recovered regenerative braking energy and transfer to the battery. The high-frequency injection (HFI) based sensorless control technique with varied injection frequencies is proposed to avoid the back-EMF harmonic effects possessed by an IPMSM. Through proper control, good driving operation characteristics are preserved, including acceleration/deceleration, reversible and regenerative braking operations. In addition, the experimental comparative driving performance evaluation to the standard EV IPMSM drive is also conducted.
In G2V operation, an on-board switch mode rectifier (SMR) based charger is formed to yield good battery charging performance with satisfactory line drawn power quality. As to the V2H/V2G operations, the 220V/110V 60Hz AC output voltages with good waveform quality are generated from the developed single-phase three-wire (1P3W) inverter to power home appliances for reducing the energy drawn from the mains, and even send the preset power back to the mains.
For the developed energy harvesting system, the harvested PV energy can directly charge the battery under road driving condition. In idle case, both PV and single-phase AC source can be arranged to charge the battery using the schematic formed by the motor drive embedded circuit components.

誌謝...............................................a
摘要...............................................b
目錄...............................................c
第一章、簡介........................................d
第二章、永磁同步馬達及電動車之概要.....................f
第三章、電動車無位置感測內置磁石永磁同步馬達驅動之開發...g
第四章、電網至車輛、車輛至家庭與車輛至電網操作..........h
第五章、所開發之能源收集系統..........................i
第六章、結論........................................j
附錄: 英文論文......................................l

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..........................1
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES....................7
2.1 Introduction......................................7
2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives.........7
A. Some Key Issues of a PMSM Drive..................7
B. Motor Structures.................................7
C. Brushless DC Motor Operation Control.............10
D. Physical Modeling................................10
E. Parameter Estimation of the Employed PMSM........13
F. Effects Parameter Variations.....................14
2.3 EV Emulated Load..................................16
2.4 Energy Storage Devices in EVs.....................17
A. Flywheel.........................................17
B. Supercapacitor...................................18
2.5 Electric Vehicle and Its Applications as Moving Energy Storage........................................20
A. Classifications of EVs...........................20
B. Typical Power Control Units......................22
C. G2V/V2H/V2G Operations...........................22
2.6 Interface Power Converters........................23
A. DC/DC Converters.................................23
B. AC/DC Switched-Mode Rectifiers...................23
C. PWM Inverters....................................25
D. Possible Single-phase Three-wire Inverters.......28
E. Some Existing Integrated Converters Capable of V2G Operation.............................................29
2.7 Introductory Power Quality........................31
2.8 System Configuration and Operation of the Developed EV IPMSM Drive........................................33
A. System Configuration.............................33
B. Operation Modes..................................33
CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT OF EV POSITION SENSORLESS IPMSM DRIVES................................................35
3.1 Introduction......................................35
3.2 System Configuration of the Established IPMSM Drives ......................................................35
A. Standard IPMSM Drive.............................35
B. HFI Position Sensorless IPMSM Drive..............39
3.3 Establishment of IPMSM Drive......................40
A. Phase Voltage Equation...........................40
B. Power Circuit....................................44
C. Current and Speed Control Schemes................44
D. Position Sensorless Control Scheme...............45
3.4 Battery Interface DC/DC Converter.................48
A. Power Circuit....................................48
B. Control Scheme...................................50
3.5 Experimental Evaluation of Standard EV IPMSM Drive.57
A. Starting Characteristics.........................57
B. Effects of Field-Weakening, Commutation Shift and Voltage Boosting......................................57
C. Speed Responses..................................63
D. Acceleration/Deceleration and Regenerative Braking Characteristics.......................................64
E. Adjustable DC-link Voltage.......................67
F. Fault-tolerant Capability Test...................71
3.6 Battery/SC Powered Standard EV IPMSM Drive........72
A. System Configuration.............................72
B. Performance Evaluation...........................75
3.7 Dynamic Braking Characteristics...................81
3.8 Experimental Evaluation of Position Sensorless EV IPMSM Drive...........................................83
A. Starting Characteristics.........................83
B. Steady-state Characteristics.....................84
C. Speed Dynamic Response...........................87
D. Acceleration/deceleration Characteristics........90
E. Regenerative Braking Characteristics.............92
F. Effects of Injecting Fixed Frequency and Switched Frequency.............................................94
CHAPTER 4 GRID-TO-VEHICLE, VEHICLE-TO-HOME AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID OPERATIONS....................................96
4.1 Introduction......................................96
4.2 G2V Charging Operation............................96
A. Single-phase Boost SMR...........................98
B. Assessment of the Single-phase H-bridge Boost SMR Based Battery Charger................................100
C. Three-phase Boost SMR...........................102
D. Assessment of the Three-phase Boost SMR Based Battery Charger......................................104
4.3 Functional Description of V2H/V2G Modes..........105
4.4 Autonomous V2H Discharging Operation.............107
A. Power Circuit...................................108
B. Modeling of 1P3W Inverter.......................109
C. Inverter Control Schemes........................111
D. Experimental Results............................113
4.5 Grid Connected V2G Discharging Operation.........117
A. System Configuration and Functional Description.117
B. Control Scheme..................................118
C. Experimental Results............................121
CHAPTER 5 THE DEVELOPED ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM.....129
5.1 Introduction.....................................129
5.2 System Configuration.............................129
5.3 Plug-in AC or DC Source via Single-phase Bridgeless SMR..................................................130
A. Interleaved Buck DC/DC Converter................130
B. Single-phase Bridgeless Boost SMR...............133
C. Plug-in Mechanism Based Battery Charger with AC Source Input.........................................140
D. Plug-in Mechanism Based Battery Charger with DC Source Input.........................................143
5.4 Harvested PV Source via DC/DC Boost Converter....146
A. Power Circuit Components........................146
B. Control Scheme..................................148
C. Performance Evaluation..........................149
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS................................150
REFERENCES...........................................152

A. Electric Vehicles
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B. Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives
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Direct torque control
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Speed control
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Voltage boosting and pulse amplitude modulation
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Field-weakening control
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C. Supercapacitor in EVs
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D. Photovoltaic in EVs
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E. Position Sensorless Control Methods
Based on the derived variables or identified parameters
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Back-EMF methods
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Observer based methods
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Methods based on rotor magnet saliency
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F. PWM Inverters
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G. Vehicle-to-Home/Vehicle-to-Grid Discharging Operation
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H. Front-end Converters and Switch-mode Rectifiers
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I. Others
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