臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究探討漢語祈使句主語其特色。在先前文獻裡，學者們認為漢語祈使句主語應是在輕動詞詞組. 然而, 藉由動詞組刪略測試、時間副詞組分析、以及義務詞組位置對應，漢語祈使句主語並不應在輕動詞詞組內，但應該在義務詞組內。更有趣的是，漢語祈使句情態副詞“千萬”會使得祈使句主語話題化因此必需移位至話題詞組上。此現象主要是因為“千萬”在語音上會有焦點重音進而形成漢語話題與主語之間的干涉效應參見蔡(2014)。此外, 本文認為漢語祈使句主語的第二人稱特色應歸因於在語用範疇中指令詞組的“呼格” (Speas and Tenny 2003; Hill 2007; Hageman and Hill 2013). 漢語祈使句的第二人是經由“呼格”的對協而產生的(Haegeman and Lohndal 2010)。此等分析也正確地預測出祈使句及其第二人稱在副句中的不可能性，原因在於“呼格”在副句中已因為被裁減而不存在. 因此，此論文提供了句法與語用的介面研究。

The study investigates the characteristics of imperative (IMP) subjects in Mandarin Chinese (MC). In the previous studies, MC IMP subjects are thought to be in [Spec, vP]. Yet, from the test of VP-Ellipsis, time adverbials test and deontic modals position, MC IMP subjects would not be in [Spec, vP], but in [Spec, ModP Deontic] instead. More intriguingly, the IMP mood adverb qiānwàn ‘by all/no means’ would trigger subject obligatory topicalization (SJOT) due to its focus pitch which induce the intervention the binding of D(efiniteness)-operator and MC IMP subjects in the sense of Tsai (2014). Furthermore, the 2nd person features of MC IMPs should be attributed to vocatives in [Spec, DirectiveP] in the pragmatics area above CP-level in the sense of Speas and Tenny (2003), Hill (2007), Hageman and Hill (2013). The 2nd person features are licensed via Agree in Haegeman and Lohndal (2010). Such an analysis also correctly predicts the impossibility of MC IMPs and their 2nd person features in embedded clauses, since vocatives would suffer truncation in subordinate clauses. Thus, the thesis provides a study of the interface between pragmatics and syntax.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract (摘要) ii
English Abstract iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abbreviations ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 1
2.1. Varieties of Imperative Subjects 1
2.2. Characteristics of IMP Subjects and Related Analyses 6
2.3. The Position of IMP subject in MC 9
2.4. Summary 14
3. Definition of Mandarin Imperatives 16
4. Where are MC IMP Subjects Located? 23
4.1. Situating the MC IMP Subjects 23
4.2. Obligatory Topicalization Case of MC Imperative Subjects 30
4.2.1. Qiānwàn as an Imperative Mood Adverb 30
4.2.2. Subject Obligatory Topiclization (SJOT) 36
5. Problems of Alternative Analyses for IMP 2nd Person Features 49
6. The Plausible Analysis 57
6.1. The Characteristics of Addressees/Vocatives 57
6.2. The 2nd Person Features of IMP Addressee Subjects 63
6.3. Overall Structure 72
7. Conclusion 74
References 79

Abusch, Dorit. 1994. The scope of indefinites. Natural Language Semantics 2: 83-115.
Aoun, Joseph. and Nobert Hornstein. 1985. Quantifier types. Linguistic Inquiry 16: 623-637.
Beghelli, Filippo. 1993. A Minimalist approach to quantifier scope. In The Proceedings of NELS 23, A. Schafer (ed.), 65-80. Amherst, Mass.: GLSA.
Beukema, Frits, and Peter Coopmans. 1989. A Government-Binding perspective on the imperative in English. Journal of Linguistics 25:417–436.
Chen-Main, Joan. 2005. Characteristics of Mandarin imperatives. In Georgetown University working papers in theoretical linguistics, ed. Corinne Brandstetter and Dominik Rus, volume IV, 1–51. Washington, DC:Georgetown University Department of Linguistics.
Chomsky, Noam. 1977. Essays on Form and Interpretation. New York: North-Holland.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981 Lectures on Government and Binding, Foris Publications, Dordrecht.
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz, ed., Ken Hale: A Life in Language, 1–52. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2004. Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Structures and beyond, ed. Adriana Belletti, 104-131. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cowper, Elizabeth, and Daniel Currie Hall. 2006. Argumenthood, pronouns, and nominal feature geometry. Presented at the Workshop on Determiners, Winnipeg, November 2006. To appear in Jila Ghomeshi, Ileana Paul, and Martina Wiltschko, eds. Determiners: Variation and Universals.
Danckaert, Lieven and Liliane Haegeman. 2012. Conditional Clauses, Main Clause Phenomena and the Syntax of Polarity Emphasis. Comparative Germanic Syntax, 133-167.
Farkas, Donka. 1981. “Quantifier scope and syntactic islands”. In R. Hendrick, C. Masek, and M. Miller (eds) The Proceedings of the 17th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 59-66.Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Flemming, Eward., 2008. The role of pitch range in focus marking. In: Slides from a Talk Given at the Workshop on Information Structure and Prosody, Studiecentrum Soeterbeeck.
Fodor, Janet Dean and Ivan A, Sag. 1982. Referential and quantificational indefinites. Linguistics and Philosophy 5: 355-398.
Fox, Danny. and Uli. Sauerland. 1996. “The illusive scope of universal quantifiers”. In K. Kusumoto (ed.) The Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society 26, 71-85. Amherst, Mass.: GLSA.
Haegeman, Liliane, and Lohndal, Terje. 2010. Negative Concord and (Multiple) Agree: A Case Study of West Flemish. Linguistic Inquiry 41.2:181-211.
Haegeman, Liliane, and Lohndal, Terje. 2010. Negative Concord and (Multiple) Agree: A Case Study of West Flemish. Linguistic Inquiry 41.2:181-211.
Haegeman, Liliane, and Virginia Hill. 2013. The Syntactization of Discourse. In Syntax and Its Limits, ed. Raffaella Folli, Christina Sevdali, and Robert Truswell, 370–390. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Haegeman, Liliane. 2012. Adverbial Clauses, Main Clause Phenomena, and the Composition of the Left Periphery. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Han, Chung-Hye. 1998. The structure and interpretation of imperatives: mood and force in Universal Grammar. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Hill, Virginia. 2007. Vocatives and the Pragmatics-Syntax Interface. Lingua 117: 2077-2105.
Hornstein, Nobert. 1995. Logical Form: From GB to Minimalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hsiao, Yu-Yin. 2012. On the A-imperative concstruction: adjectival predicates in the Chinese imperatives, National Chiao Tung University. Master Thesis.
Huang, C-T James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15:531–574.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Jensen, Britta. 2003b. Syntax and semantics of imperative subjects. Nordlyd 31:150–164. URL http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/nordlyd/index.php.
Ko, Heejeong. 2005. Syntax of why-in-situ: Merge into [Spec, CP] in the overt syntax. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 23: 867-916.
Koopman, Hilda, and Dominique Sportiche. 1991. The position of subjects. Lingua 85:211
Li, Boya. 2006. Chinese Final Particles and the Syntax of the Periphery. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson 2009. Mandrain Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Taipei, The Crane Publishing CO., LTD.
Li, Tsung-Hsien Peter. 2013. A syntax-semantics interface analysis of imperative subjects Binding Features: Mandarin Chinese and English. In Proceedings of the 15th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar (SICOGG 15), 253-265. Hankuk Publishing Co.
Longobardi, Giuseppe. 1994. Reference and Proper Names: A Theory of N-movement in Syntax and Logical Form. Linguistic Inquiry, 25 (4): 609-655.
Longobardi, Giuseppe. 2000. The structure of DPs: principles, parameters, and problems. In Baltin, M. and Collins, C. (eds), Handbook of Syntactic Theory, 562-603. Blackwell, Malden and Oxford.
Lu, Shu-Xiang. 1985. 800 words in contemporary Chinese. Beijing: Shangwu Yinshu Guan.
Mauck, Simon, Miok Pak, Paul Portner, and Raffaella Zanuttini. 2004. Clause typing in imperatives: A cross-linguistic perspective. Talk delivered at the Georgetown University Round Table, March 29, 2004.
May, Robert. 1977. The Grammar of Quantification. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.
Miyagawa, Shigeru. 2010. Why Agree? Why Move? Unifying Agreement-based and Discourse Configurational Languages. LI Monograph 54. MIT Press.
Miyagawa, Shigeru. 2012. Agreements that occur mainly in main clauses. In Aelbrecht, Lobke; Liliane Haegeman; Rachel Nye (eds), Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 79-112.
Moro, Andrea. 2003. Notes on Vocative Case: A Case Study in Clause Structure. In Quer, Josep, JanSchroten, Mauro Scorretti, Petra Sleeman, and Els Verheugd (eds.) Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2001: Selected Papers from Going Romance, Amsterdam. John Benjamins.
Pesetsky, David and Esther Torrego. 2007. The syntax of valuation and the interpretability of features. Phrasal and Clausal Architecture: Syntactic derivation and interpretation. In honor of Joseph E. Emonds, Simin Karimi, Vida Samiian and Wendy K. Wilkins (eds.), 262-294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Potsdam, Eric. 1995. Phrase Structure of the English Imperative. In The Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Formal Linguistics Society of Midamerica. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club Publications, 143-154.
Potsdam, Eric. 1998. Syntactic Issues in the English Imperative. New York: Garland Publishing Co.
Potsdam, Eric. 2007. Analysing Word Order in the English Imperative. In Wim van der Wurff (ed.). Imperative Clauses in Generative Grammar.Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 251-272.
Radford, A. 2004. Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the structure of English. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1990. Relativized Minimality, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery. In: L. Haegeman, ed., Elements of Grammar. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Rizzi, Luigi. 2004. Locality and left periphery. Structures and Beyond: Volume 3: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Adriana Belletti, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rupp, Laura. 1999. Aspects of the Syntax of English Imperatives. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Essex.
Speas, Peggy, and Tenny, Carol. 2003. Configurational Properties of Point of View Roles. In DiSciullo, A. (ed.), Asymmetry in Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 315-344.
Szabolcsi, Anna (ed.) 1997. Ways of Scope Taking. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Tang, Sze-wing and Thomas H.-T. Lee. 2000. Focus as an Anchoring Condition. Paper presented in the International Symposium on Topic and Focus in Chinese, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, June 21-23, 2000.
Tang, Sze-wing and Thomas H.-T. Lee. 2000. Focus as an Anchoring Condition. Paper presented in the International Symposium on Topic and Focus in Chinese, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, June 21-23, 2000.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2008. Tense anchoring in Chinese. Lingua 118:675-686.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2010. High Applicatives are not High Enough: A Cartographic Solution. Ms., National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2014. A case of V2 in Chinese. Ms., National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Tsao, Feng-Fu. 1979. A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: The First Step Towards Discourse Analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Xu, Yi. 1999. Effects of tone and focus on f0 contour formation. Journal of Phonetics 27, 55-105.
Yang, Pei-Ling. 2010. Imperatives in Chinese. Graduate Institute of Linguistics. Taipei, National Chengchi University Master Thesis: 87-101.
Zanuttini, Raffaella, Mio Pak and Paul Portner. 2012. A Syntactic Analysis of Interpretive Restrictions on Imperative, Promissive, and Exhortative subjects. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 30:4, pp. 1231-1274.
Zanuttini, Raffaella. 2008. Encoding the addressee in the syntax: Evidence from English imperative subjects. Natural Language and Liguistics Theory 26:185-218.