臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自從全球日本鰻野生資源量減少後，為了因應日本鰻養殖產業缺口，臺灣開始投入鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖。目前鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖為臺灣新興養殖漁業，而一項養殖產業發展，唯有經濟面及生產面雙管齊下，產業方可永續經營。因此，本研究針對產業進行問卷調查，收集產業之生物性與經濟性資料，應用經濟學及多變量統計學原理進行分析，以期瞭解鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業獲利關鍵及產業現階段與未來之發展策略。
依不同物種及放養規格分為鱸鰻鰻線、鱸鰻幼鰻、黑鰻鰻線及黑鰻幼鰻等四種養殖型態進行分析，根據分析結果發現，從事鱸鰻鰻線養殖需較長養殖週期，生產成本投入較高，但鱸鰻產品較具經濟價值，故使鱸鰻鰻線養殖在生產收益表現較佳，平均益本比為1.93；從事鱸鰻幼鰻養殖初期投入魚苗成本較高，但放養幼鰻階段鰻苗可節省從鰻線培養至幼鰻之養殖時間，相較在飼料、水電及人事成本投入較鱸鰻鰻線養殖低。在生產成本投入較低情況下，鱸鰻幼鰻養殖生產收益表現較鱸鰻鰻線養殖好，平均益本比為2.08；從事黑鰻鰻線養殖從放養到收成平均為13.8個月較鱸鰻養殖短，原因為黑鰻養殖主要上市規格為4 ~ 5尾/公斤不同於鱸鰻養殖，養殖週期較短使黑鰻鰻線養殖在生產成本投入較鱸鰻養殖低。生產收益方面雖表現較鱸鰻養殖不佳，但益本比平均大於1為1.63，表示成本投入仍具有利潤；從事黑鰻幼鰻養殖雖養殖週期較黑鰻鰻線養殖短，在飼料、水電及人事成本投入上較黑鰻鰻線養殖低，但養殖初期魚苗成本投入遠高於黑鰻鰻線養殖，再加上黑鰻幼鰻養殖放養密度投入較低，成本投入無法達到有效利用，導致最後黑鰻幼鰻養殖在生產收益方面表現較不佳。
藉由典型相關分析結果發現，鱸鰻養殖生物性及經濟性變數呈現正相關，當放養密度及活存率提高，會提高產業經營效益，但目前鱸鰻養殖業者活存率普遍偏低，需改善養殖管理模式提升活存率；黑鰻養殖部分，生物性及經濟性變數也呈現正相關，當放養密度及活存率提高，會提高產業經營效益，目前黑鰻養殖需考慮市場需求量多寡來調整放養密度投入。Cobb-Douglas生產函數分析結果顯示，鱸鰻之生產彈性為1.041，黑鰻為1.1368，表示鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業皆呈現規模報酬遞增情況，均具經濟規模效應，可考慮擴大養殖規模。
本研究最後根據分析結果給予建議並應用SWOT分析，研擬未來臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業發展策略。據此，臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖正處於產業生命週期的初始期，目前產業發展受限於鰻苗來源不穩定、養殖活存率低、銷售通路不完善等，尚有許多問題需要克服。除技術面之研發與掌握生產關鍵技術外，也必須審慎考量產業發展之短、中、長期策略，以期臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業之永續經營。

Since the natural stocks of Japanese eels have drastically decreased, Taiwan began farming the A. marmorata and A. bicolor. In the beginning, both the sort of technology and the economics of its aquaculture are most important to do as a basis of the industrial development. Therefore, this study is focused on the biology and economics which affect the profit in the farming of A. marmorata and A. bicolor by means of an industrial survey and analysis.
Depending on different species and stocking size, the study is divided into four farming types for analysis, including glass eels of A. marmorata, elvers of A. marmorata, glass eels of A. bicolor and elvers of A. bicolor. According to the results, glass eels of A. marmorata culture takes longer farming cycle, higher production costs, but have better profit. The average of benefit-cost ratio in glass eels of A. marmorata culture is 1.93. Elvers of A. marmorata culture takes higher fry costs in the beginning, but the costs of feed, water-electricity and labor are lower than glass eels of A. marmorata culture. This result in elvers of A. marmorata culture have the better profit than the glass eels of A. marmorata culture. The average of benefit-cost ratio in elvers of A. marmorata culture is 2.08. The average farming cycle of glass eels of A. bicolor culture is 13.8 months, lower than A. marmorata culture. This make the glass eels of A. bicolor culture takes the lower production costs. Although, the glass eels of A. bicolor culture have lower profit, but its average of benefit-cost ratio is 1.63, it represents the cost of inputs still has profit. Elvers of A. bicolor culture takes higher fry costs in the beginning, but the costs of feed, water-electricity and labor are lower than glass eels of A. bicolor culture. The stocking density of elvers of A. bicolor culture is low, that the cost of inputs can not achieve effective utilization. This lead to the profit of elvers of A. bicolor culture is not as good as glass eels of A. bicolor culture.
According to the result of canonical correlation analysis, the biological and economy variables of A. marmorata and A. bicolor cultures show a positive correlation. When stocking density and survival rate increase, the industry operating efficiency also increase. Accoding to the analysis result of the Cobb-Douglas production function, both of the industrial culture of A. marmorata and A. bicolor, returns to scale are increasing.
The study finally based on the results give advice and application of SWOT analysis elaboration the industry development strategy. A. marmorata and A. bicolor cultures in Taiwan are in the initial stage of the industry life cycle, industrial development are limited by instability of fry source, lower farming survival rate and sales channels imperfect, there are still many problems to be overcome. In addition to develop the technical side and master the key technologies of production, but also must carefully consider the industrial development strategies.

謝辭 I
中文摘要 III
Abstract IV
目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 IX
第壹章、緒論 1
第一節、研究背景與動機 1
第二節、研究目的 2
第三節、研究架構與流程 3
第貳章、前言 5
第一節、鱸鰻與黑鰻生物性特徵 5
第二節、臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業概況 7
第三節、國際鰻魚產業概況 12
第參章、材料與方法 18
第一節、資料來源 18
第二節、統計分析方法 20
第肆章、統計分析結果 27
第一節、問卷訪查基礎資料 27
第二節、基礎統計資料分析 29
第三節、變方分析 39
第四節、主成分分析 47
第五節、區隔函數分析 53
第六節、典型相關分析 61
第七節、生產函數分析 66
第伍章、討論 69
第一節、臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖生產經濟 69
第二節、典型相關分析討論 75
第三節、生產函數分析討論 76
第四節、臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業面臨困難 77
第五節、臺灣鱸鰻與黑鰻養殖產業發展策略分析 78
第陸章、結論與建議 84
第一節、結論 84
第二節、建議 86
第三節、未來研究方向 87
第柒章、參考文獻 88
附錄 93

一、中文文獻
中國漁業統計年鑑。2009～2013。中國漁業統計年鑑。中國農業出版社。
王玉堂。1999。今昔中國鰻業。河北漁業，5:6-7。
沈世傑主編。1993。台灣魚類誌。台北，國立台灣動物學系。
沈明來。1998。實用多變數分析。臺北，九州圖書。
林天生，劉富光。2011。鱸鰻苗育成技術之建立。水產試驗所淡水繁養殖研究中心。水產試驗所年報，2011:21。
國際漁業資訊。2014。國際性鰻魚組織的形成與發展近況-談國際性鰻魚資源養護管理非正式會議。第264期。
國際漁業資訊。2014。鰻魚管理焦點資訊三則。第265期。
國際漁業資訊。2015。日本與中國大陸締結日本鰻苗交易透明化契約。第266期。
國際漁業資訊。2015。日本鰻魚人工育苗技術名列2014年十大農林水產研究成果之一。第267期。
張湧泉，劉富光。2011。日本鰻(Anguilla japonica)之完全養殖。水試專訓，36:50-52。水產試驗所淡水繁養殖研究中心。
曾萬年。1983。臺灣產鰻線之種類識別及其生產量。中國水產，366:16-23。
曾萬年。2013。鰻魚養殖的新版圖。漁業推廣。327:24–27。
黃振庭。2011。臺灣海鱺養殖生產競爭力分析。博士學位論文。國立臺灣海洋大學水產養殖學系。
邱俊廷。2014。臺灣花鰻與黑鰻養殖產業發展策略之研究。碩士學位論文。國立臺灣海洋大學水產養殖系。
楊順德，董聰彥，劉富光。2013。雙色鰻養殖管理。水產試驗所淡水繁養殖中心。
樊海平。2009。我國養殖鰻鱺新品種引進、試驗調查分析。科學養魚。12:2-3。
樊海平，林煜，卓玉琛。2012。18種常用漁藥對雙色鰻和玻璃鰻的急性毒性。福建，福建農業學報，27(12)：1283-1286。
劉富光。2008。魚類飼料的營養問題與研發策略(上)。水試專訊，21：21-25。臺北，行政院農委會漁業署。
歐宗東，盧家書，符澤雄。2010。花鰻鱺池塘養殖的效果。農技服務。27(12):1567,1586。
陳啟榮，王瓊霞，陳郁蕙。2001。臺灣與中國大陸鰻魚產業之比較利益分析。中華農學會報，2(4):308-318。
陳學豪，周立紅。2011。菲律賓鰻的生物學特徵及養殖技術特點。中國水產，3:40。
賴鵬智。2013。數鰻苗，兼談鰻魚滅絕危機。PanSci泛科學。
聶曉。2012。鰻價高企，花鰻養殖業異軍突起-中國天馬-花鰻產業化發展論壇海口舉行。海洋與漁業。10：9。
蕭文龍。2009。多變量分析，第二版。臺北，碁峰資訊股份有限公司。
蕭仁傑。2002。以耳石日周輪特性探討淡水鰻Anguilla australis、A. reinhardtii以及A. dieffenbachii的初期生活史與輸送途徑。國立台灣大學動物學研究所博士論文。
鄭文騰。2011。鱸鰻養殖生產技術之研發與推廣。行政院農業委員會99年度科技計畫研究報告。99農科-10.3.1-漁-F1(2)。屏東科技大學。
鄭石勤。2013。克服低活存率，雙色鰻就有機會。養魚世界。417:31-38。

二、英文文獻
Aoyama, J., Wouthuyzen, S., Miller, M.J., Minegishi, Y., Kuroki, M., Suharti, S.R., Kawakami, T., Sumardiharga, K.O. and Tsukamoto, K. 2007. Distribution of leptocephali of the freshwater eels, genus Anguilla, in the waters off west Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 80(4): 445-452.
Aoyama, J. 2009. Life history and evolution of migration in catadromous eels (genus Anguilla). Aqua-BioSci Monoger, 2:1-42.
Allen, G.R., Midgley, S.H. and Allen, M. 2002. Field guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
Arai, T., Chino, N., Zulkifli, S.Z. and Ismail, A. 2012. Notes on the occurrence of the tropical eel Anguilla bicolor bicolor in Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia. Journal of Fish Biology, 80: 692-697.
Arai, T., Chino, N., Zulkifli, S.Z. and Ismail, A. 2011. Age at maturation of a tropical eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor in Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia. Malaysian Applied Biology, 40(1): 51-54.
Briones, A.A., Yambot, A.V., Shiao, J.C., Iizuka, Y., Tzeng, W.-N. 2007. Migratory pattern and habitat use of tropical eels Anguilla spp. (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Anguillidae) in the Philippines, as revealed by otolith microchemistry. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 14: 141-149.
Chow, S., Kurogi, H., Mochioka, N., Kaji, S., Okazaki, M., Tsukamoto, K. 2009. Discovery of mature freshwater eels in the open ocean. Fisheries Science, 75(1): 257-259.
Ege, V.A. 1939. A revision of the genus Anguilla Shaw. DANA Report, 16: 8-256.
Huang, C.T., Miao, S., Afero, F. 2008. Economic analysis of cobia’s, Rachentron canadum, phase nursery stage culture in Taiwan. J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan, 35(2):117-130.
Huang, C.T., Miao, S., Nan, F.H., Jung, S.M. 2011. Study on regional production and economy of cobia Rachycentron canadum commercial cage culture. Aquacult Int., 19:649–664.
Jespersen, P. 1942. Indo-Pacific leptocephali of the genus Anguilla. Dana-Rep Carlsberg Foundation.
Kim, J.H. and T.W. Lee. 2001. Eel culture in Korea. Journal of Taiwan Fisheries Research, 9:23-26.
Kim, I.S., Choi, Y., Lee, C.L., Lee, Y.J., Kim, B.J., Kim, J.H. 2005. Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Publishing Company, Seoul, p.615.
Kuang, Y. 1991. Anguilliformes. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Wouthuyzen, S., Sumardhiharga, K.O., Miller, M.J., Minagawa, G., Tsukamoto, K. 2007. Age and growth of Anguilla bicolor bicolor leptocephali in the eastern Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 70: 538-550.
Kuroki, M., Aoyama, J., Miller, M. J., Yoshinaga, T., Shinoda, A., Hagihara, S., Tsukamoto, K. 2009. Sympatric spawning of Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla japonica in the western North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology, 74: 1853–1865.
Losinger, W., Dasgupta, S., Engle, C., Wagner, B. 2000. Economic interactions between feeding rates and stocking densities in intensive catfish Ictalurus punctatus production. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 31:491–502.
Liao, I.C. 2001. A general review on aquaculture in Asia: A focus on Anguilla eel. In: Liao IC. (compiler). Keynote Addresses: 5th and 6th Asian Fisheries Forums, AFS Special Publication, No.11. Manila, Philippines. P.39-54.
Liao, I.C., Hsu, Y.K., Lee, W.C. 2002. Technical innovations in eel culture systems. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 10: 433-450.
Lin, Y.-J., Jessop, B.M., Weyl, O.L.F., Iizuka, Y., Lin, S.-H., Tzeng, W.-N. &; Sun, C.-L. 2012. Regional variation in otolith Sr:Ca ratios of African longfinned eel Anguilla mossambica and mottled eel Anguilla marmorata: a challenge to the classic tool for reconstructing migratory histories of fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 81(2): 427-441.
Matsui, I. 1952. Studies on the morphology, ecology and pond-culture of the Japanese eel(Anguilla Japonica Temminck＆Schegel).Journal Shimonoseki College of Fisheries, P.245.(in Japanese with English abstract)
Miller, M.J., Mochioka, N., Otake, T., Tsukamoto, K. 2002. Evidence of a spawning area of Aguilla marmorata in the western North Pacific. Marine Biology, 140:809-814.
Miao, S., Tang, H.C. 2002. Bioeconomic analysis of improving management productivity regarding grouper Epinepelus malabaricus farming in Taiwan. Aquaculture, 211:151–169.
Minegishi, Y., Aoyama, J., Tsukamoto, K. 2008. Multiple population structure of the giant mottled eel, Anguilla marmorata. Molecular Ecology, 17: 3109-3122.
Miao, S., Jen, C.C., Huang, C.T., Hu, S.H. 2009. Ecological and economic analysis for cobia, Rachycentron canadum, commercial cage culture in Taiwan, Aquacult Int, 17(2): 125-141.
Minegishi, Y., Gagnaire, P-A., Aoyama, J., Bosc, P., Feunteun, E., Tsukamoto, K. and Berrebi, P. 2012. Present and past genetic connectivity of the Indo-Pacific tropical eel Anguilla bicolor. Journal of Biogeography 39: 408-420.
Mingzhong, Luo., Ruizhang, Guan., Zhongqin, Li., Heng, Jin. 2013. The effects of water temperature on the survival, feeding, and growth of the juveniles of Anguilla marmorata and A. bicolor pacifica. Aquaculture, 400:61-64.
Pous, S., Feunteun, E., Ellien, C. 2010. Investigation of tropical eel spawning area in the South-Western Indian Ocean: Influence of the oceanic circulation. Progress in Oceanography 86: 396-413.
Pethiyagoda, R. 1991. Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo.
Réveillac E., Feunteun, E., Gagnaire, P-.A., Berrebi, P., Bosc, P., Lecomte-Finiger, R, and Robinet, T. 2008. Anguilla marmorata larval migration plasticity as revealed by otolith microstructural analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(10): 2127-2137.
Robinet, T. and Feunteun, E. 2002. First observations of shortfinned Anguilla bicolor bicolor and longfinned Anguilla marmorata silver eels in the Reunion Island. Bulletin Francais De La Peche Et De La Pisciculture 364: 87-95.
Robinet, T., Lecomte-Finiger, R., Escoubeyrou, K. and Feunteun, E. 2003. Tropical eels Anguilla spp. recruiting to Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean: taxonomy, patterns of recruitment and early life histories. Marine Ecology Progress Series 259: 263-272.
Robinet T., Réveillac, E., Kuroki, M., Rabenevanana, M.W., Valade, P., Aoyama, J., Berrebi, P., Tsukamoto, K., and Feunteun, E. 2008. New clues for freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) migration routes to eastern Madagascar and surrounding islands. Marine Biology 154: 453-463.
Schmitz O., Greuel E., Pfeffer E. 1984. Digestibility of crude protein and organic matter of potential sources of dietary protein for eels (Anguilla anguilla). Aquaculture, 41:21-30.
Shang, Y.C. 1900. Aquaculture Economic Analysis:An Introduction. Honolulu, Hawaii, World Aquaculture Society, 211 pp.
Snyder, C., Nicholson, W. 2008. Microeconomic Theory: Basic Principles and Extensions. Cengage Learning, 740 pp.
Sugeha, H.Y. and Suharti, S.R. 2008. Discrimination and distribution of two tropical short-finned eels (Anguilla bicolor bicolor and Anguilla bicolor pacifica) in the Indonesian Water. The Nagisa Westpac Congress: 1-14.
Tsukamoto, K., Chow, S., Otake, T., Mochioka, N., Miller, M. J., Aoyama, J., Kimura, S., Watanabe, S., Yoshinaga, T., Shinoda, A., Kuroki, M., Oya, M., Watanabe, T., Hata, K., Ijiri, S., Kazeto, Y., Nomura, K., Tanaka, H. 2011. Oceanic spawning ecology of freshwater eels in the western North Pacific. Nature Communications 2(Article 179).
Tsukamoto, K., Kuroki, M. 2014. Eels and humans. Tokyo: Springer Japan: Imprint: Springer. P.109-114.
Weihrich, H. 1982. The SWOT matrix-A tool for situational analysis. Long Rang Planning, 15(2): 52-64.
Williamson, G.R. and Boëtius, J. 1994. The eels Anguilla marmorata and A. japonica in the Pearl River, China, and Hong Kong. Asian Fisheries Science 6: 129-138.
Wang, S. 1998. China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Pisces. National Environmental Protection Agency.
Watanabe, S., Miller, M.J., Aoyama, J., Tsukamoto, K. 2009. Morphological and meristic evaluation of the population structure of Anguilla marmorata across its range. Journal of Fish Biology 74(9): 2069–2093.

三、網路資料
日本財務省農林水產省統計情報。2010-2014。東京，日本財務省。取自http://www.maff.go.jp/j/tokei/index.html（引用日期2015年3月）
日本養殖新聞。2009-2014。國內外玻璃鰻入池量。取自http://unaginews.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2014-07-04（引用日期2014年8月）
行政院農委會漁業署。養殖魚種放養量累計表。臺北，行政院農委會漁業署。取自http://www.fa.gov.tw/upload/264/2015010713382370472.pdf（引用日期2015年2月）
財政部關務署。2010-2014。統計資料庫查詢系統。臺北，財政部關務署。取自https://portal.sw.nat.gov.tw/APGA/GA03（引用日期2015年2月）
臺灣鱸鰻協會。2011-2014。鱸鰻苗大盤買賣參考價格表。取自http://blog.yam.com/eel88/article/71512954（引用日期2014年9月）