臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本論文中，我們製作了全光微環光開關，利用理論分析與數值模擬輔助設計元件並以製程技術實現，在絕緣層覆矽的基板上完成了一個以光學調控的光開關，並與一波導耦合的結構。由於尺寸的因素對元件影響層面相當廣，為求精細，我們利用電子束微影系統以及乾式蝕刻等製程輔助製作。
　　在本實驗中，我們主要使用光纖─波導耦合作為主架構進元件的量測與特性的探討。從量測到的頻譜中，我們可以從穿透強度的變化
驗證微環共振腔與波導相互耦合的現象。因為模態有高的品質因子，故只要少量的波長平移即可大幅改變穿透量。我們利用共振腔吸收激發光的能量後產生的載子濃度變化，造成的對應的折射率變化（Carrier-induced refractive index change），來調變特定波長的穿透之特性。
　　我們驗證了矽可以作為光開關或作為一調製器，藉由激發─探測法證實了載子生命期可短至305皮秒，高品質因子也讓我們的元件只需要少量的折射率變化即可造成穿透強度的變化；因其材料與結構單純，易於與其他電路互相整合。

In this thesis, we design all-optical switches based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, and then fabricate such devices. All structures are fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate, and each of our devices is coupled to a tapered waveguide. Due to the significant influence of the structure variation, we use techniques such as e-beam lithography and reactive ion etch in order to define the structure size more precisely.

In our experiment, we mainly use waveguide-fiber coupled structures to measure and characterize our devices. We could verify the coupling phenomenon by the transmission spectrum. Due to high quality factor, we can greatly change light transmission by very little wavelength shift. This is due to the property of carrier-induced refractive index changing to modulate the transmittance of some certain wavelength.

We verify that silicon can serve as material for an optical switch or modulator by pump-probe transmission measurement. The carrier lifetime in the resonator can be as short as 305ps, and the high quality factor makes it easier to modulate the transmitted intensity by a little amount of wavelength shift. The advantages of these devicesare their relative simple structures and high compatibility for integration.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
第一章 序論 1
1.1 積體光學簡介 1
1.2 SOI的介紹與其應用 2
1.3 微環共振腔簡介 3
1.4 論文架構 7
第二章 理論介紹 8
2.1微共振腔 8
2.1.1迴音廊模態 8
2.1.2品質因子 14
2.2微環與波導間的耦合 17
第三章 元件製備及實驗量測架構 18
3.1 樣品製備 18
3.2量測架構 21
第四章 實驗量測結果與討論 26
4.1不同直徑的微環與波導耦合結構 26
4. 2馬蹄型波導與微環共振腔耦合結構 37
第五章 論文結論 41
5.1 總結 41
5.2 未來方向 41
參考文獻 43

1.K. J. Vahala, "Optical microcavities," Nature 424, 839-846 (2003).
2.J. P. Reithmaier, G. Sek, A. Loffler, C. Hofmann, S. Kuhn, S. Reitzenstein, L. V. Keldysh, V. D. Kulakovskii, T. L. Reinecke, and A. Forchel, "Strong coupling in a single quantum dot-semiconductor microcavity system," Nature 432, 197-200 (2004).
3.Q. Xu, D. Fattal, and R. G. Beausoleil, "Silicon microring resonators with 1.5-μm radius," Opt. Express 16, 4309-4315 (2008).
4.I. C. Goyal, R. L. Gallawa, and A. K. Ghatak, "Bent planar waveguides and whispering gallery modes: a new method of analysis," Lightwave Technology, Journal of 8, 768-774 (1990).
5.A. Yariv, and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications (The Oxford Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering) (Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006).
6.S. L. Chuang, Physics of Photonic Devices (Wiley Publishing, 2009).
7.J. Liu, Photonic Devices (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
8.L. A. Coldren, and R. S. W. Corzine, "Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits," OPTICE 36, 616-617 (1997).
9.B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics (Wiley, 2013).
10.J. T. Verdeyen, "Laser electronics,", 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, (1995).
11.A. Yariv, "Universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonators and dielectric waveguides," in Electronics Letters(Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2000), pp. 321-322.
12.蔡明倫, "絕緣層上矽微環共振腔與波導耦合之製作與分析," Master Thesis, NTU GIEE (2014).
13.C. Li, L. Zhou, and A. W. Poon, "Silicon microring carrier-injection-based modulators/switches with tunable extinction ratios and OR-logic switching by using waveguide cross-coupling," Opt. Express 15, 5069-5076 (2007).
14.V. R. Almeida, C. A. Barrios, R. R. Panepucci, and M. Lipson, "All-optical control of light on a silicon chip," Nature 431, 1081-1084 (2004).
15.http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/materials/optical-properties-of-silicon.
16.K. Nozaki, A. Nakagawa, D. Sano, and T. Baba, "Ultralow threshold and single-mode lasing in microgear lasers and its fusion with quasi-periodic photonic crystals," Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of 9, 1355-1360 (2003).
17.Q. Xu, and M. Lipson, "All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators," Opt. Express 15, 924-929 (2007).
18.K. Preston, P. Dong, B. Schmidt, and M. Lipson, "High-speed all-optical modulation using polycrystalline silicon microring resonators," Applied Physics Letters 92, 151104 (2008).
19.S. F. Preble, Q. Xu, B. S. Schmidt, and M. Lipson, "Ultrafast all-optical modulation on a silicon chip," Opt. Lett. 30, 2891-2893 (2005).
20.D. K. Schroder, "Carrier lifetimes in silicon," Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on 44, 160-170 (1997).