臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在無線通訊系統中，頻率合成器是用來做訊號頻率的升降之用。在頻率合成器電路裡，壓控振盪器與除頻器是重要的核心電路之ㄧ。對壓控振盪器而言，必須提供低相位雜訊的輸出，以避免相鄰雜訊訊號經由混波轉換產生干擾。而振盪器的輸出則經由除頻器來達成降頻的工作，因此，除頻器需具有高頻操作、寬的操作頻寬及低功率消耗。
首先，本論文呈現一個單諧振LC諧振器直接注入鎖定除頻器，此注入鎖定除頻器使用了前級放大串連後端注入混波器的功能。此注入鎖定除頻器呈現以不同偏壓下的FOM來找尋能得到最佳FOM的操作偏壓點與其餘偏壓的比較。考慮輸出功率的最佳FOM閘極偏壓較低於不考慮輸出功率FOM的閘極偏壓。
其次，本論文提出一個寬鎖頻範圍除二注入鎖定除頻器，完成於台積電零點一八微米製程，此除二注入鎖定除頻器使用兩個DC偏壓在遠高於臨界電壓的線性電晶體混波器。再汲極-源極的偏壓0.75V、注入功率為0dBm時除二的鎖頻範圍共為4.2GHz，注入頻率從5.6GHz至9.8GHz，鎖頻範圍百分比為54.5%，功率消耗為6.25mW，晶片面積為1.026 × 0.943 mm2
最後，一個完成於台積電零點一八微米矽鍺製程寬鎖定範圍注入鎖定除二除頻器被提出，此注入鎖定除頻器是以電容交叉耦合振盪器為基礎，藉由控制交互耦合電晶體DC閘極偏壓低於DC汲極偏壓，除二注入鎖定除頻器的鎖定範圍會被改善。在供應電壓1.2V時，除頻器的功率消耗為7.8 mW。在注入功率為0dBm時最大的鎖定範圍是3.02GHz(32.23%)，注入頻率從7.86GHz道10.88GHz。

In wireless communication system, frequency synthesizers are used to implement the frequency up/down conversion of signal. In a frequency synthesizer, voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and divider are the key blocks. For VCOs, low phase-noise output is required to avoid corrupting the mixer-converted signal caused by close interfering tones. The output of the VCO is divided down by the frequency divider which requires operating at high frequencies, wide operating range and lower power consumption.
First, this thesis studies the property of a direct-injection LC-tank injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) with a single-resonant LC resonator. The ILFD uses a pre-amplifier stage in series with a post-injection mixer. The ILFD performance is evaluated at various biases by the internal figure of merits to find an optimal bias for ILFD operation with the best FOM to compare with other ILFDs. The optimal mixer gate bias for FOM to consider the output power is lower than the FOM without the output power.
Secondly, a novel wide locking range divide-by-2 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) is proposed in the thesis and was implemented in the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process. The divide-by-2 ILFD uses two linear transistor mixers with dc biased far above threshold voltage. At the drain-source bias of 0.75 V, and at the incident power of 0 dBm, the locking range of the divide-by-2 is 4.2 GHz for the incident frequency extending from 5.6 GHz to 9.8 GHz, and the locking range percentage is 54.5%. The core power consumption is 6.25 mW. The die area is 1.026 ×0.943 mm2.
Finally, a wide locking range divide-by-2 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) using a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process is presented. The ILFD is based on a capacitive cross-coupled oscillator. By controlling the dc gate bias of cross-coupled transistors to below the dc drain voltage, the locking range of the divide-by-2 ILFD has been improved. At the supply voltage of 1.2 V, the core power consumption of the ILFD core is 7.8 mW. At the incident power of 0 dBm,the maximum locking range is 3.02 GHz (32.23%), for the incident frequency extending from 7.86 to 10.88 GHz.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
Table of Content VI
Figure of Table VIII
List of Table XII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Thesis Organization 4
Chapter 2 Principles and Design Concepts of Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 The Oscillator Theory 7
2.2.1 One-Port (Negative Resistance) View 8
2.2.2 Two-Port (Feedback) View 11
2.3 The Classification of Oscillators 13
2.3.1 Ring Oscillators 13
2.3.2 LC-Tank Oscillator 16
2.3.3 Cross-coupled Oscillator 21
2.4 Design Concepts of Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 25
2.4.1 Parameters of a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 26
2.4.2 Phase Noise in Oscillator 27
2.4.3 Kinds of Noise 35
2.5 RLC-Tank research 38
2.5.1 Quality Factor 39
2.5.2 Resistors 42
2.5.3 Inductor and Transformer 43
2.5.4 Capacitors and Varactors 51
Chapter 3 Principles and Design Concepts of Injection Locking Frequency Divider 58
3.1 Principle of Injection Locked Frequency Divider 59
3.2 Locking Range 61
3.3 Direct ILFD 63
Chapter 4 Figure of Merit of an LC Direct-Injection Injection-Locked Frequency Divider 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Circuit Design 67
4.3 Measurement Results 70
Chapter 5 A Divide-by-2 Injection-Locked Frequency Divider with Injection MOSFET DC-biased in Above-Threshold Region 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Circuit Design 79
5.3 Measurement Results 82
Chapter 6 A Divide-by-2 Injection-Locked Frequency Divider Based on Capacitive Cross-Coupled Oscillator 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Circuit Design 88
6.3 Measurement Results 90
Chapter 7 Conclusion 96
References …………………………………………………………………………98

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