臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鈣質為人體內含量最多之巨量礦物質，除了建構骨骼與牙齒之外，並參與體內多項生理功能，然而國人的鈣質攝取量卻有普遍不足的現象。本研究主要藉由調查大學生族群來了解年輕成年人對於含鈣食物之攝取狀況，並探討膳食鈣攝取與身體質量指數 (body mass index; BMI) 及足跟骨質密度 (bone mineral density; BMD) 之間的關聯性。
本研究參照2005-2008年國民營養調查之 19-44 歲成人問卷，擬定一份內容著重於含鈣食物攝取頻率與可能影響BMI及BMD之生活型態的問卷，隨機邀請中部某大學大學生與研究生填寫問卷，並自由參與BMD和體脂(% body fat; %BF)的測量。
結果共有291位 (女200人及男91人) 18~36歲 (20.9 2.1歲) 的大學生及研究生參加問卷調查。就BMI而言，有59.5%屬於健康體位，20.3%過輕，12.0%過重及9.3%肥胖。除蔬菜類及飲料類外，奶類及其製品、黃豆類及其製品、海鮮水產類之飲食頻率多集中在ㄧ週食用 1~2 次。卡方檢定 (chi-square test) 分析BMI與飲食頻率、日常生活型態之關聯性後發現，全體受訪者之BMI與全脂奶類 (p=0.047)、海鮮水產類91~120 mg 鈣/份組 (p=0.036) 及茶類飲料 (p=0.021) 之攝取頻率有顯著相關性；女性受訪者之BMI則與脫脂奶類攝取頻率 (p=0.045) 及每日平均暴露二手菸時間 (P=0.026) 顯著相關，且無論全體 (p<0.001) 或女性 (p=0.014)、男性 (p=0.021) 受訪者之蔬菜類61~90 mg鈣/份組攝取頻率與BMI皆有顯著相關性。測量足跟BMD之55位 (女40人及男15人) 受訪者中，女性受訪者之BMD與各種口味調味乳 (p=0.022) 及蔬菜類61-90 mg 鈣/份組 (p=0.043) 之攝取頻率均呈顯著相關性，男性受訪者的BMD與海鮮水產類61~90 mg鈣/份組攝取頻率 (p=0.041)、飲酒習慣 (p=0.026) 皆有顯著相關。而有測量%BF的30位女性 (p=0.002) 及14位男性 (p=0.04) 受訪者的BMI與%BF顯著相關，且男性受訪者之BMD與%BF顯著相關 (p=0.015)。
綜合本研究結果可知，BMI與不同鈣含量之奶類、蔬菜類、海鮮水產類攝取頻率或茶類攝取頻率顯著相關，BMD則與調味乳、蔬菜類或海鮮水產類顯著相關。此外，BMI與BMD分別與每日暴露二手菸情形及飲酒習慣顯著相關，可見BMI與BMD會受到日常生活型態的影響。

Calcium is involved in many physiological functions. The major objective of this study was to investigate the consumption pattern of calcium and its associations with body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) as well as bone mineral density (BMD) of university students.
Self-reported questionnaires, including calcium-focused food frequency and lifestyle, were collected from 291 students (200 female and 91 male), aged 18 to 36 years, of a university located in Taichung. BMD and body fat percentage (%BF) were measured among the 55 and 44 volunteered subjects, separately.
Results indicated that most of the subjects (59.5%) had BMIs in the normal range of 18.5~23.9, 20.3% had BMIs under 18.5, 12.0% had BMIs in range of 24~26.5, and 9.3% had BMIs over 27.0. The average intake of these foods were 1~2 times on a weekly basis, except vegetables and tea. Analysis of chi-square tests revealed that BMI were significantly correlated with the consumption frequency of whole milk (p=0.047), vegetables calcium contents with ranged from 61 to 90 mg/Ex (p<0.001) as well as seafood and aquatic calcium contents with ranged 91 to 120 mg/Ex (p=0.036), and tea (p=0.021). Both female (p=0.014) and male (p=0.021) BMI were significantly correlated with the consumption frequency of vegetables calcium contents with ranged from 61 to 90 mg/Ex. And the chi-square test also showed that the BMI of female subjects were significantly correlated with the frequency of skim milk (P=0.045) and second-hand smoke exposure (p=0.026). Analysis of fisher's exact test revealed that BMD of female subjects (n=40) were significantly correlated with the consumption frequency of flavored milk (p=0.022) and vegetables calcium contents with ranged from 61 to 90 mg/Ex (p=0.043). Male subjects (n=15) BMD also significantly correlated with seafood and aquatic calcium contents with ranged 61 to 90 mg/Ex (p=0.041) and drinking habits (p=0.026). In addition, the %BF of 30 females (p=0.002) and 14 males (p=0.04) were significantly correlated with BMI, separately. The %BF was significantly linked to male BMD (p=0.015).
In conclusion, BMI was correlated with the consumption frequency of the aforementioned dairy, vegetable, aquaculture, and tea groups. BMD was associated with the consumption frequency of the aforementioned dairy, vegetable and aquaculture groups. In addition, BMI was linked to second-hand smoke exposure and so did BMD to alcohol drinking habits. It was suggested that BMI and BMD would be affected by lifestyle.

目錄
目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i
表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………vi
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
第二章 文獻探討…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
第一節 鈣質 (Calcium)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
第二節 身體質量指數（Body Mass Index; BMI）…………………………………………………………14
第三節 骨質密度 (Bone Mineral Density; BMD)………………………………………………………18
第四節 鈣質攝取與身體組成之相關性………………………………………………………………………………………24
第五節 鈣質攝取與骨質密度之相關性………………………………………………………………………………………25
第六節 鈣質與其他疾病之相關性…………………………………………………………………………………………………26
第三章 材料方法…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
第一節 研究設計…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
第二節 研究對象…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
第三節 問卷設計…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
第四節 問卷信度及效度分析及廢卷判定原則…………………………………………………………………………38
第五節 身體測量……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39
第六節 統計方法……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………41
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
第一節 受訪者基本資料……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
第二節 受訪者飲食頻率……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47
第三節 受訪者日常生活習慣……………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
第四節 受訪者身體測量………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56
第五節 BMI 與飲食頻率及日常生活習慣之相關性…………………………………………………………………59
第六節 骨質密度與飲食頻率及日常生活習慣之相關性…………………………………………………………71
第七節 BMI、骨質密度與生理數值 (體脂、血壓) 之相關性……………………………………………77
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………81
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………84
附錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………94


表目錄
表 1.1、台灣地區各年齡層鈣質攝取情形…………………………………………………………………………………………………2
表 2.1、高鈣食物建議表 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7
表 2.2、台灣成人膳食鈣攝取來源…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
表 2.3、美國兒童與成人之膳食鈣攝取來源………………………………………………………………………………………………8
表 2.4、台灣及美國鈣攝取不足情形……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
表 2.5、世界衛生組織身體質量指數(BMI)分類……………………………………………………………………………………15
表 2.6、台灣成人身體質量指數(BMI)分類………………………………………………………………………………………………15
表 4.1、受訪者基本資料……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46
表 4.2、受訪者每週食用各餐別天數…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
表 4.3、全體受訪者飲食頻率……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
表 4.4、受訪者日常生活習慣……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………55
表 4.5、有抽菸受訪者每日吸菸頻率……………………………………………………………………………………………………………56
表 4.6、有飲酒受訪者每週飲酒頻率……………………………………………………………………………………………………………56
表 4.7、受訪者身體測量數值……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57
表 4.8、BMI 與奶類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………………………61
表 4.9、全體受訪者之全脂鮮奶、奶粉、保久乳飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性…………………………… 61
表 4.10、女性受訪者之脫脂鮮奶、奶粉、保久乳飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性…………………………… 62
表 4.11、BMI 與蔬菜類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………………62
表 4.12、全體及女性受訪者之 61-90 mg 鈣/份蔬菜類飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性………………63
表 4.13、男性受訪者之 61-90 mg 鈣/份蔬菜類飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性……………………………63
表 4.14、BMI 與黃豆類及其製品飲食頻率之相關性檢定表…………………………………………………………………64
表 4.15、BMI 與海鮮水產類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………64
表 4.16、全體受訪者之 91-120mg 鈣/份海鮮水產類飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性……………………64
表 4.17、BMI 與其他飲料類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………66
表 4.18、全體受訪者之其他茶類飲料飲食頻率與 BMI 的相關性………………………………………………………66
表 4.19、BMI 與日常生活習慣之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………………………67
表 4.20、女性受訪者之二手菸曝露情形與 BMI 的相關性………………………………………………………………………68
表 4.21、骨質密度與奶類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………………………………72
表 4.22、受訪者之各種口味調味乳飲食頻率與骨密度的相關性……………………………………………………………72
表 4.23、骨質密度與蔬菜類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表………………………………………………………………………………73
表 4.24、女性受訪者之 61-90 mg 鈣/份蔬菜類飲食頻率與骨密度的相關性………………………………73
表 4.25、骨質密度與黃豆類及其製品飲食頻率之相關性檢定表……………………………………………………………74
表 4.26、骨質密度與海鮮水產類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表………………………………………………………………………75
表 4. 27、男性受訪者之 61-90 mg 鈣/份海鮮水產類飲食頻率與骨密度的相關性……………………75
表 4.28、骨質密度與其他飲料類飲食頻率之相關性檢定表………………………………………………………………………75
表 4.29、骨質密度與日常生活習慣之卡方檢定表 …………………………………………………………………………………………77
表 4.30、男性受訪者之飲酒習慣與骨密度的相關性……………………………………………………………………………………77
表 4.31、受訪者之BMI與骨質密度、體脂、血壓……………………………………………………………………………………………78
表 4.32、受訪者骨質密度與體脂、血壓之分佈………………………………………………………………………………………………78
表 4.33、女性與男性受訪者 BMI 與體脂之相關性……………………………………………………………………………………79
表 4.34、男性受訪者骨密度與體脂分組之相關性…………………………………………………………………………………… 80


圖目錄
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