跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(98.82.120.188) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/09/09 04:01
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:林猷威
研究生(外文):Yo-Wei Lin
論文名稱:艾氏樹蛙群體生殖之形成機制、 蝌蚪成長發育及變態與母蛙撫育之研究
論文名稱(外文):Causal Mechanisms, Tadpole Growth andMetamorphosis, and Maternal Care in Communal Breeding of Kurixalus eiffingeri
指導教授:關永才關永才引用關係
指導教授(外文):Yeong-Choy Kam
口試委員:張原謀許富雄陳怡惠
口試委員(外文):Yuan-Mou ChangFu-Hsiung HsuYi-Huey Chen
口試日期:2015-07-04
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:東海大學
系所名稱:生命科學系
學門:生命科學學門
學類:生物學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2015
畢業學年度:103
語文別:中文
論文頁數:82
中文關鍵詞:艾氏樹蛙群體生殖副產品假說適應性價值
外文關鍵詞:Kurixalus eiffingericommunal breedingby-product hypothesisadaptive value
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:1
  • 點閱點閱:284
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:57
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
動物可能會因為能提升生存優勢而有與其他個體群集的行為,但
動物也可能被迫與其他個體群集,與生存優勢的提升較無關聯。其中,
群體生殖是一種動物共同生殖及育幼的關係,常導致子代間的競爭,
但也可能隱含著適應性的行為互動,被視為一種有趣的群集現象。然
而,以往群體生殖研究的典型案例可能涵蓋太多干擾因子,不利於進
行探討群體生殖機制與內涵的操作實驗。艾氏樹蛙(Kurixalus
eiffingeri)是一種具雙親撫育的無尾兩棲類,雄蛙護卵直到蝌蚪孵化,
雌蛙會規律的返巢產下未受精卵餵食蝌蚪。當蝌蚪尚未變態時,該巢
可能會被重複產卵,導致前後兩批蝌蚪共處於一巢,形成相對簡易的
群體生殖。本研究比較單獨及重複產卵巢中蝌蚪的成長、發育、變態
以及母蛙餵食之差異性,以推論艾氏樹蛙的重複產卵之生態意義。結
果顯示,在重複產卵巢中的蝌蚪之變態體型明顯較小,變態率及蝌蚪
期則無差異,顯示重複產卵會對艾氏樹蛙有不利之影響,並推論艾氏
樹蛙的重複產卵較可能是因棲地不足所導致。然而,與前人的研究相
比,此共巢之不利影響較為緩和,推測可能因為重複產卵巢中有兩隻
母蛙共同餵食,導致餵食量的提升之故。共同餵食不但可以減緩前批
對後批蝌蚪造成的競爭傷害,另也可能有當一隻母蛙被掠食,還有另
一母蛙可以照顧蝌蚪的保險效果。由於艾氏樹蛙無明顯的社會互動及
親屬關係,共同餵食推測是一種因假性互利形成的合作行為。本研究
結果支持艾氏樹蛙群體生殖的形成可能是棲地不足所造成,並經由假
性互利導致共同餵食的現象。
When animals live in groups, individuals may gain adaptive value
from aggregations or the aggregation itself may be a by-product derived
from the constraint of breeding habitats. Communal breeding refers to a
group nesting system with allomaternal care, including behavioral
interactions and competitions with conspecifics, and it is considered as a
profound form of animal aggregation, which has not been fully
understood. A Taiwanese tree frog, Kurixalus eiffingeri, is an anuran
species with biparental care. The male attends its egg clutch until
tadpoles hatch, while the female regularly returns and feeds tadpoles with
trophic eggs until metamorphosis. Before tadpoles metamorphose, the
nest may receive another egg clutch from other females, resulting in a
form of communal breeding. In order to test the possible adaptive value
of communal breeding, I compared the growth, development, and
metamorphic traits of tadpoles and the feeding frequency of female
between single and communal broods. Results showed that tadpoles in
communal broods have a lower metamorphic body size, suggesting
communal breeding incurs a cost. Thus, the occurrence of communal
breeding is probably caused by the constraint of habitats. On the other
hand, comparing with results of a previous study, the breeding cost in this
study is somewhat reduced probably due to the cooperative feeding of
females. K. eiffingeri is a non-social animal; the cooperative tadpole
feeding of K. eiffingeri is most likely due to a pseudo-reciprocal behavior
which is caused by the constraint of breeding environments.
中文摘要--------------------------------------------------1
英文摘要--------------------------------------------------2
前言------------------------------------------------------3
文獻探討--------------------------------------------------9
材料與方法----------------------------------------------24
結果----------------------------------------------------30
討論----------------------------------------------------35
總結-----------------------------------------------------44
參考文獻-------------------------------------------------45
表目-----------------------------------------------------62
圖目-----------------------------------------------------63
表-------------------------------------------------------64
圖-------------------------------------------------------69
附錄-----------------------------------------------------74
Auclair, Y., B. König, M. Ferrari, N. Perony, and A. K. Lindholm. 2014.
Nest attendance of lactating females in a wild house mouse population:
benefits associated with communal nesting. Animal Behaviour
92:143-149.
Blouin-Demers, G., P. J. Weatherhead, and J. R. Row. 2004. Phenotypic
consequences of nest-site selection in black rat snakes (Elaphe
obsoleta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:449-456.
Blumstein, D. T., J. C. Daniel, and C. S. Evans. 2001. Yellow‐footed
rock‐wallaby group size effects reflect a trade‐off. Ethology
107:655-664.
Brown, G. P., and R. Shine. 2005. Nesting snakes (Tropidonophis mairii,
Colubridae) selectively oviposit in sites that provide evidence of
previous successful hatching. Canadian Journal of Zoology
83:1134-1137.
Brown, J., V. Morales, and K. Summers. 2008. Divergence in parental
care, habitat selection and larval life history between two species of
Peruvian poison frogs: an experimental analysis. Journal of
Evolutionary Biology 21:1534-1543.
Brown, J. L., V. Morales, and K. Summers. 2010. A key ecological trait
drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian.
The American Naturalist 175:436-446.
Brown, S. G., and P. K. Duffy. 1992. The effects of egg-laying site,
temperature, and salt water on incubation time and hatching success in
the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris. Journal of Herpetology
26:510-513.
Bshary, R., and A. S. Grutter. 2005. Punishment and partner switching
cause cooperative behaviour in a cleaning mutualism. Biology Letters
1:396-399.
Cahan, S. H., D. Blumstein, L. Sundström, J. Liebig, and A. Griffin. 2002.
Social trajectories and the evolution of social behavior. Oikos
96:206-216.
Cavitt, J. F., A. T. Pearse, and T. A. Miller. 1999. Brown thrasher nest
reuse: A time saving resource, protection from search-strategy
predators, or cues for nest-site selection? The Condor 101:859-862.
Chen, Y.-H., Y.-J. Su, Y.-S. Lin, and Y.-C. Kam. 2001. Inter-and
intraclutch competition among oophagous tadpoles of the Taiwanese
tree frog, Chirixalus eiffingeri (Anura: Rhacophoridae). Herpetologica
57:438-448.
Chiu, C.-T., and Y.-C. Kam. 2006. Growth of oophagous tadpoles
(Chirixalus eiffingeri: Rhacophoridae) after nest displacement:
implications for maternal care and nest homing. Behaviour
143:123-139.
Clutton-Brock, T. 2002. Breeding together: kin selection and mutualism
in cooperative vertebrates. Science 296:69-72.
Clutton-Brock, T. 2009. Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies.
Nature 462:51-57.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., P. N. Brotherton, A. Russell, M. O'riain, D. Gaynor,
R. Kansky, A. Griffin, M. Manser, L. Sharpe, and G. M. McIlrath.
2001. Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups. Science
291:478-481.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., and G. A. Parker. 1995. Punishment in animal
societies. Nature 373:209-216.
Connor, R. C. 1986. Pseudo-reciprocity: investing in mutualism. Animal
Behaviour 34:1562-1566.
Connor, R. C. 1992. Egg‐trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites: an
alternative to Tit‐for‐Tat. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5:523-528.
Connor, R. C. 1995. The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework.
Biological Reviews 70:427-457.
Connor, R. C. 2010. Cooperation beyond the dyad: on simple models and
a complex society. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences 365:2687-2697.
Danchin, E., T. Boulinier, and M. Massot. 1998. Conspecific
reproductive success and breeding habitat selection: implications for
the study of coloniality. Ecology 79:2415-2428.
Danchin, E., and R. H. Wagner. 1997. The evolution of coloniality: the
emergence of new perspectives. Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12:342-347.
Delm, M. M. 1990. Vigilance for predators: detection and dilution effects.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26:337-342.
Dickinson, J. L. 2004. A test of the importance of direct and indirect
fitness benefits for helping decisions in western bluebirds. Behavioral
Ecology 15:233-238.
Doak, P., P. Kareiva, and J. Kingsolver. 2006. Fitness consequences of
choosy oviposition for a time-limited butterfly. Ecology 87:395-408.
Doody, J. S., S. Freedberg, and J. S. Keogh. 2009. Communal egg-laying
in reptiles and amphibians: evolutionary patterns and hypotheses. The
Quarterly Review of Biology 84:229-252.
Doody, J. S., P. West, and A. Georges. 2003. Beach selection in nesting
pig-nosed turtles, Carettochelys insculpta. Journal of Herpetology
37:178-182.
Dugatkin, L. A., and M. Mesterton-Gibbons. 1996. Cooperation among
unrelated individuals: reciprocal altruism, by-product mutualism and
group selection in fishes. BioSystems 37:19-30.
Ebensperger, L. A. 2001. A review of the evolutionary causes of rodent
group-living. Acta Theriologica 46:115-144.
Edgerly, J., M. McFarland, P. Morgan, and T. Livdahl. 1998. A seasonal
shift in egg‐laying behaviour in response to cues of future competition
in a treehole mosquito. Journal of Animal Ecology 67:805-818.
Franks, N., A. Dornhaus, G. Hitchcock, R. Guillem, J. Hooper, and C.
Webb. 2007. Avoidance of conspecific colonies during nest choice by
ants. Animal Behaviour 73:525-534.
Gilchrist, J. S. 2007. Cooperative behaviour in cooperative breeders:
costs, benefits, and communal breeding. Behavioural Processes
76:100-105.
Gosner, K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and
larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183-190.
Graves, B. M., and D. Duvall. 1995. Aggregation of squamate reptiles
associated with gestation, oviposition, and parturition. Herpetological
Monographs 9:102-119.
Griffin, A. S., and S. A. West. 2003. Kin discrimination and the benefit of
helping in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Science 302:634-636.
Harris, R. N. 2008. Body condition and order of arrival affect cooperative
nesting behaviour in four-toed salamanders Hemidactylium scutatum.
Animal Behaviour 75:229-233.
Harris, R. N., and D. E. Gill. 1980. Communal nesting, brooding
behavior, and embryonic survival of the four-toed salamander
Hemidactylium scutatum. Herpetologica 36:141-144.
Harris, R. N., W. W. Hames, I. T. Knight, C. A. Carreno, and T. J. Vess.
1995. An experimental analysis of joint nesting in the salamander
Hemidaetylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae): the effects of
population density. Animal Behaviour 50:1309-1316.
Hatchwell, B. 1999. Investment strategies of breeders in avian
cooperative breeding systems. The American Naturalist 154:205-219.
Hatchwell, B., A. F. Russell, M. Fowlie, and D. Ross. 1999.
Reproductive success and nest-site selection in a cooperative breeder:
effect of experience and a direct benefit of helping. The Auk
116:355-363.
Hatchwell, B. J., and J. Komdeur. 2000. Ecological constraints, life
history traits and the evolution of cooperative breeding. Animal
Behaviour 59:1079-1086.
Hatchwell, B. J., A. F. Russell, A. D. MacColl, D. J. Ross, M. K. Fowlie,
and A. McGowan. 2004. Helpers increase long-term but not short-term
productivity in cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits. Behavioral
Ecology 15:1-10.
Heg, D., Z. Bachar, L. Brouwer, and M. Taborsky. 2004. Predation risk is
an ecological constraint for helper dispersal in a cooperatively breeding
cichlid. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:
Biological Sciences 271:2367-2374.
Heg, D., S. Heyl, O. A. E. Rasa, and K. Peschke. 2006. Reproductive
skew and communal breeding in the subsocial beetle Parastizopus
armaticeps. Animal Behaviour 71:427-437.
Heg, D., S. Rothenberger, and R. Schürch. 2011. Habitat saturation,
benefits of philopatry, relatedness, and the extent of co-operative
breeding in a cichlid. Behavioral Ecology 22:82-92.
Hetmanski, T., and E. Wolk. 2005. The effect of environmental factors
and nesting conditions on clutch overlap in the Feral Pigeon Columba
livia f. urbana (Gm.). Polish Journal of Ecology 53:523-534.
Hobson, K. A., and S. G. Sealy. 1989. Responses of yellow warblers to
the threat of cowbird parasitism. Animal Behaviour 38:510-519.
Hoeksema, J. D., and E. M. Bruna. 2000. Pursuing the big questions
about interspecific mutualism: a review of theoretical approaches.
Oecologia 125:321-330.
Hoover, J. P. 2003. Decision rules for site fidelity in a migratory bird, the
prothonotary warbler. Ecology 84:416-430.
Kam, Y.-C., Y.-H. Chen, T.-C. Chen, and I.-R. Tsai. 2000. Maternal
brood care of an arboreal breeder, Chirixalus eiffingeri (Anura:
Rhacophoridae) from Taiwan. Behaviour 137:137-151.
Kam, Y.-C., Y.-H. Chen, Z.-S. Chuang, and T.-S. Huang. 1997. Growth
and development of oophagous tadpoles in relation to brood care of an
arboreal breeder, Chirixalus eiffingeri (Rhacophoridae). Zoological
Studies 36:186-193.
Kam, Y.-C., Z.-S. Chuang, and C.-F. Yen. 1996. Reproduction,
oviposition-site selection, and tadpole oophagy of an arboreal nester,
Chirixalus eiffingeri (Rhacophoridae), from Taiwan. Journal of
Herpetology 30:52-59.
Kam, Y.-C., C.-F. Lin, Y.-S. Lin, and Y.-F. Tsal. 1998. Density effects of
oophagous tadpoles of Chirixalus eiffingeri (Anura: Rhacophoridae):
importance of maternal brood care. Herpetologica 54:425-433.
Komdeur, J., and B. Hatchwell. 1999. Kin recognition: function and
mechanism in avian societies. Trends in Ecology & Evolution
14:237-241.
Komdeur, J., M. J. Schrama, K. Meijer, A. J. Moore, and L. W.
Beukeboom. 2013. Cobreeding in the Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus
vespilloides: Tolerance Rather Than Cooperation. Ethology
119:1138-1148.
König, B. 1997. Cooperative care of young in mammals.
Naturwissenschaften 84:95-104.
Lehtinen, R. M. 2004. Tests for competition, cannibalism, and priority
effects in two phytotelm-dwelling tadpoles from Madagascar 1.
Herpetologica 60:1-13.
Leimar, O., and R. C. Connor. 2003. By-product benefits, reciprocity, and
pseudoreciprocity in mutualism. Genetic and Cultural Evolution of
Cooperation 1:203-222.
Lin, Y.-S., and Y.-C. Kam. 2008. Nest choice and breeding phenology of
an arboreal-breeding frog, Kurixalus eiffingeri (Rhacophoridae), in a
bamboo forest. Zoological Studies 47:129-137.
Lin, Y.-S., R. M. Lehtinen, and Y.-C. Kam. 2008. Time-and
context-dependent oviposition site selection of a phytotelm-breeding
frog in relation to habitat characteristics and conspecific cues.
Herpetologica 64:413-421.
Loeb, M., and A. Zink. 2006. Fitness conflicts and the costs of sociality
in communal egg layers: a theoretical model and empirical tests.
Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19:889-899.
Lucia, K. E., B. Keane, L. D. Hayes, Y. K. Lin, R. L. Schaefer, and N. G.
Solomon. 2008. Philopatry in prairie voles: an evaluation of the habitat
saturation hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology 19:774-783.
Lukas, D., and T. Clutton-Brock. 2012. Life histories and the evolution of
cooperative breeding in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B: Biological Sciences 279:4065-4070.
Lukas, D., and T. Clutton-Brock. 2012. Cooperative breeding and
monogamy in mammalian societies. Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London B: Biological Sciences 279:2151-2156.
Mabee, T. J. 1997. Using eggshell evidence to determine nest fate of
shorebirds. The Wilson Bulletin 109:307-313.
Martin, T. E., and J. J. Roper. 1988. Nest predation and nest-site selection
of a western population of the Hermit Thrush. The Condor 90:51-57.
Mateo, J. A., and M. Cuadrado. 2012. Communal Nesting and Parental
Care in Oudri's Fan-Footed Gecko (Ptyodactylus oudrii): Field and
Experimental Evidence of an Adaptive Behavior. Journal of
Herpetology 46:209-212.
Mesterton-Gibbons, M., and L. A. Dugatkin. 1992. Cooperation among
unrelated individuals: evolutionary factors. Quarterly Review of
Biology 67:267-281.
Mesterton-Gibbons, M., and L. A. Dugatkin. 1997. Cooperation and the
Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus
reciprocity. Animal Behaviour 54:551-557.
Mooring, M. S., and B. L. Hart. 1992. Animal grouping for protection
from parasites: selfish herd and encounter-dilution effects. Behaviour
123:173-193.
Mosser, A., and C. Packer. 2009. Group territoriality and the benefits of
sociality in the African lion, Panthera leo. Animal Behaviour
78:359-370
Müller, J. K., A.-K. Eggert, and J. Dressel. 1990. Intraspecific brood
parasitism in the burying beetle, Necrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera:
Silphidae). Animal Behaviour 40:491-499.
Muller, K., J. Stamps, V. Krishnan, and N. Willits. 1997. The effects of
conspecific attraction and habitat quality on habitat selection in
territorial birds (Troglodytes aedon). The American Naturalist
150:650-661.
Oda, W. Y. 2004. Communal egg laying by Gonatodes humeralis (Sauria,
Gekkonidae) in Manaus primary and secondary forest areas. Acta
Amazonica 34:331-332.
Ohtsuki, H., and Y. Iwasa. 2006. The leading eight: social norms that can
maintain cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical
Biology 239:435-444.
Olendorf, R., and S. K. Robinson. 2000. Effectiveness of nest defence in
the Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens. Ibis 142:365-371.
Packer, C., S. Lewis, and A. Pusey. 1992. A comparative analysis of
non-offspring nursing. Animal Behaviour 43:265-281.
Packer, C., D. Scheel, and A. E. Pusey. 1990. Why lions form groups:
food is not enough. The American Naturalist 136:1-19.
Parrish, J. K., and L. Edelstein-Keshet. 1999. Complexity, pattern, and
evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation. Science 284:99-101.
Powell, A. N. 2001. Habitat characteristics and nest success of Snowy
Plovers associated with California Least Tern colonies. The Condor
103:785-792.
Pusey, A. E., and C. Packer. 1994. Non-offspring nursing in social
carnivores: minimizing the costs. Behavioral Ecology 5:362-374.
Radder, R. S., and R. Shine. 2007. Why do female lizards lay their eggs
in communal nests? Journal of Animal Ecology 76:881-887.
Refsnider, J. M., and F. J. Janzen. 2010. Putting eggs in one basket:
ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for variation in oviposition-site
choice. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
41:39-57.
Rhind, S. G. 2003. Communal nesting in the usually solitary marsupial,
Phascogale tapoatafa. Journal of Zoology 261:345-351.
Rosenheim, J. A., S. J. Jepsen, C. E. Matthews, D. S. Smith, and M. R.
Rosenheim. 2008. Time limitation, egg limitation, the cost of
oviposition, and lifetime reproduction by an insect in nature. The
American Naturalist 172:486-496.
Rowe, K. M., and P. J. Weatherhead. 2007. Social and ecological factors
affecting paternity allocation in American robins with overlapping
broods. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61:1283-1291.
Russell, A. F., and B. J. Hatchwell. 2001. Experimental evidence for
kin-biased helping in a cooperatively breeding vertebrate. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 268:2169-2174.
Sargent, R. C. 1982. Territory quality, male quality, courtship intrusions,
and female nest-choice in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus
aculeatus. Animal Behaviour 30:364-374.
Scheirs, J., L. De Bruyn, and R. Verhagen. 2000. Optimization of adult
performance determines host choice in a grass miner. Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 267:2065-2069.
Schulte, K. F., G. Uhl, and J. M. Schneider. 2010. Mate choice in males
with one-shot genitalia: limited importance of female fecundity.
Animal Behaviour 80:699-706.
Schulte, L. M., D. Rödder, R. Schulte, and S. Lötters. 2010. Preference
and competition for breeding plants in coexisting Ranitomeya species
(Dendrobatidae): does height play a role. Salamandra 46:180-184.
Schulte, L. M., J. Yeager, R. Schulte, M. Veith, P. Werner, L. A. Beck,
and S. Lötters. 2011. The smell of success: choice of larval rearing
sites by means of chemical cues in a Peruvian poison frog. Animal
Behaviour 81:1147-1154.
Semlitsch, R. D., D. E. Scott, and J. H. Pechmann. 1988. Time and size at
metamorphosis related to adult fitness in Ambystoma talpoideum.
Ecology 69:184-192.
Shen, S.-F., H.-C. Chen, S. L. Vehrencamp, and H.-W. Yuan. 2010.
Group provisioning limits sharing conflict among nestlings in
joint-nesting Taiwan yuhinas. Biology Letters 6:318-321.
Shields, W. M. 1984. Factors affecting nest and site fidelity in
Adirondack Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica). The Auk 101:780-789.
Shine, R., M. J. Elphick, and P. S. Harlow. 1997. The influence of natural
incubation environments on the phenotypic traits of hatchling lizards.
Ecology 78:2559-2568.
Smiseth, P., R. Ward, and A. Moore. 2006. Asynchronous hatching in
Nicrophorus vespilloides, an insect in which parents provide food for
their offspring. Functional Ecology 20:151-156.
Smith, J. M. 1982. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge
university press.
Spence, R., R. Ashton, and C. Smith. 2007. Oviposition decisions are
mediated by spawning site quality in wild and domesticated zebrafish,
Danio rerio. Behaviour 144:953-966.
Spencer, R.-J. 2002. Experimentally testing nest site selection: fitness
trade-offs and predation risk in turtles. Ecology 83:2136-2144.
Stephens, P. A., and W. J. Sutherland. 1999. Consequences of the Allee
effect for behaviour, ecology and conservation. Trends in Ecology &
Evolution 14:401-405.
Sullivan, B. K. 1983. Sexual selection in the great plains toad (Bufo
cognatus). Behaviour 84:258-264.
Switzer, P. V. 1997. Past reproductive success affects future habitat
selection. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40:307-312.
Travis, J., J. A. Farr, S. Henrich, and R. T. Cheong. 1987. Testing
theories of clutch overlap with the reproductive ecology of
Heterandria formosa. Ecology 68:611-623.
Trivers, R. L. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly
Review of Biology 46:35-57.
Trumbo, S. T. 1994. Interspecific competition, brood parasitism, and the
evolution of biparental cooperation in burying beetles. Oikos
69:241-249.
Tung, W.-P., Y.-H. Chen, W.-C. Cheng, M.-F. Chuang, W.-T. Hsu, Y.-C.
Kam, and R. M. Lehtinen. 2015. Parentage of overlapping offspring of
an arboreal-breeding frog with no nest defense: implications for nest
site selection and reproductive strategy. PloS one 10:e0123221.
Uller, T., and M. Olsson. 2008. Multiple paternity in reptiles: patterns and
processes. Molecular Ecology 17:2566-2580.
Vergara, P., J. I. Aguirre, J. A. Fargallo, and J. A. Davila. 2006. Nest‐site
fidelity and breeding success in White Stork Ciconia ciconia. Ibis
148:672-677.
Warner, R. R., and L. M. Dill. 2000. Courtship displays and coloration as
indicators of safety rather than of male quality: the safety assurance
hyposthesis. Behavioral Ecology 11:444-451.
Weggler, M. 2006. Constraints on, and determinants of, the annual
number of breeding attempts in the multi‐brooded Black Redstart
Phoenicurus ochruros. Ibis 148:273-284.
Weidt, A., A. K. Lindholm, and B. König. 2014. Communal nursing in
wild house mice is not a by-product of group living: Females choose.
Naturwissenschaften 101:73-76.
Wells, K. D. 2010. The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University
of Chicago Press.
Westmoreland, D., L. B. Best, and D. E. Blockstein. 1986. Multiple
brooding as a reproductive strategy: time-conserving adaptations in
mourning doves. The Auk 103:196-203.
Williams, T., and S. Rodwell. 1992. Annual variation in return rate, mate
and nest-site fidelity in breeding gentoo and macaroni penguins. The
Condor 94:636-645.
Yuan, H.-W., M. Liu, and S.-F. Shen. 2004. Joint nesting in Taiwan
yuhinas: a rare passerine case. The Condor 106:862-872.
Zink, A. G., and H. K. Reeve. 2005. Predicting the temporal dynamics of
reproductive skew and group membership in communal breeders.
Behavioral Ecology 16:880-888.
向高世、李鵬翔與楊懿如。2009。台灣兩棲爬行類圖鑑。貓頭鷹出版
社,台北。
林猷威、鄭翰群、李建輔、吳翊端與關永才。2014。遇到重複產卵時
艾氏樹蛙(Kurixalus
eiffingeri)母蛙的反應。東海大學生命科學系
學士論文。
莊國碩。1998。艾氏樹蛙生殖生物學之研究。國立台灣師範大學碩士
論文。
童婉萍。2011。艾氏樹蛙重疊子帶的親子關係之研究。東海大學生命
科學系碩士論文。
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top