臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景：越來越多的老年人口使台灣的家庭結構改變，許多家庭將父母送到長期照護機構安置。因此對長期照護的需求增加，造成需要大量的照顧服務員和外籍看護，包含了印尼籍的員工。由於語言、生活習慣和文化的差異影響他們的工作品質、思考模式和工作方式。目的：本研究擬探討長期照護機構的印尼籍員工如何面對工作壓力，及是否影響他們的健康行為與因應策略。方法：此研究為一質性研究。研究人員使用紮根理論面對面的深度訪談6位印尼籍員工。所得資料以恆常比較分析法進行分析。結果：參與者都曾經歷工作壓力。與工作有關的壓力來源因素，如：住民的行動能力、照顧住民的勞務性工作、住民的家人和住民的健康狀況。當住民的健康狀況愈差照顧起來就愈吃力。看護的工作對外籍員工是一種新的經驗，其工作壓力也來自語言障礙與適應力的挑戰，因為他們對照顧住民的認知不足並與台灣人有著不同的工作方式。一旦適應後，壓力的來源可能是與同事的關係，無論是與印尼人、台灣人或主管。其他影響工作壓力的因素還有來自於印尼的家庭問題。受訪者皆表示會與朋友交談以解決他們工作場所的問題，也會嘗試分析和討論這些問題以改善工作表現。也有受訪者表示試圖接受、調整、選擇沉默和自我反省以解決工作壓力，還有人喜歡逛街。大部分受訪者因為疲勞而沒有機會運動。但也有受訪者會利用時間慢跑、騎自行車或走路，以保持自己的健康。多數受訪者有著正常飲食和充足睡眠以保持良好的健康狀況。結論：長期照護機構的印尼籍員工在台灣工作都會經歷工作壓力。受訪者的因應策略會使用問題焦點和情緒焦點來解決問題。研究顯示工作壓力會影響受訪者的健康行為。良好的時間管理以及保持自己的健康行為，並與他人保持良好的關係對印尼看護解決工作壓力問題是很重要的。

Background: The impact of increasing elderly population in Taiwan changed family structure which leads the family to send their parents to long term care facilities. As the result of increasing caring demands for long term care in Taiwan, it required a large number of foreign nurse aides and caregivers including Indonesian workers. The differences of language, living habits, and cultures affect their quality of work, the way of thinking, and the way of the works. Objective: This study tried to explore the work stress on Indonesian workers who work in long term care facility and how work stress influences their health behavior and coping strategies. Method: This study is a qualitative study. The researcher used grounded theory approach to interview 6 persons by face to face in depth interview. The data analysis used Constant Comparative Analysis. Result: All of participants experienced work stress. The stressors could be from work-related factors such as patient’s mobilization and other physical demanding patient care tasks, resident’s family, and patient’s health condition. The severer health condition of patients was heavier to care. As a new experience to work as foreign caregiver, the work stressors came from language barrier and adaptation challenge due to poor knowledge about caring patient and different way of work with Taiwanese. After conquered the challenges, the stressors could be relationship with colleagues, either Indonesian or Taiwanese, and supervisor. Other factor related to work stress came from family matters in Indonesia. All participants talked with friends to solve the problem in their workplace. Some of them try to analyze and discuss the problem, and improve behavior and work performance. The others tried to accept, be resilience, or prefer to choose silence and self-introspection to solve their work stress. While others like to shop more during the stress time. Most of participants failed to engage with exercise due to lack of opportunity and tiredness. On the other hand, some of participants tried to keep their health behavior by jogging, biking and walking when they had time. Most of participants ate healthy food and took enough sleep to keep their health well. Conclusion: Indonesian workers who work at long term care facility experienced work stress during their work. Participants used both of problem and emotional focused coping to solve the problems. This study showed that work stress influenced participant’s health behavior. It is important to Indonesian workers to manage time well to keep their health behavior and keep good relationship with others to solve the problem easier.

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT I
中文摘要 II
ABSTRACT IV
LIST OF TABLES VIII
LIST OF FIGURES IX
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objectives 7
1.3 Research Questions 7
1.4 Scope of Study 7
1.5 Research Process 8
1.6 Definition of Critical Terms 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 10
2.1 Introduction of Work Stress 10
2.1.1 Stress 10
2.1.2 Work Stress 11
2.1.3 Factors Related to Work Stress 12
2.1.4 Stress Management Interventions 14
2.2 Indonesian Workers in Taiwan 16
2.3 Health Behavior 17
2.4 The Coping Strategies 22
2.4.1 Definition of Coping 22
2.4.2 Coping Strategies 24
2.4.3 Measurement of Coping 26
2.5 Long term Care Facility in Taiwan 27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 32
3.1 Research Design 32
3.2 Research Place 32
3.3 Participants 32
3.4 Procedures 32
3.5 Instruments 33
3.6 Data Analysis 34
3.7 Trustworthiness of the Data 35
3.8 Ethical Consideration 36
CHAPTER IV RESULT & DISCUSSION 37
4.1 Demographic Characteristic 37
4.2 Analysis of Qualitative Interview 39
4.3 Theme 1: The Experience of Work Stress 40
4.4 Theme 2: Source of Work Stress 42
4.5 Theme 3: Extra Organizational Stressor 49
4.6 Theme 4: The Coping Strategies 50
4.7 Theme 5: Health Behavior 53
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 57
REFERENCES 60
APPENDICES 73

Abel, T. (1991). Measuring health lifestyles in a comparative analysis: theoretical issues and empirical findings. Social Science & Medicine, 32(8), 899-908.
Alexis, O., & Vydelingum, V. (2004). The lived experience of overseas black and minority ethnic nurses in the NHS in the south of England. Diversity in Health and Social Care, 1(1), 13-20.
Allen, T. D., & Armstrong, J. (2006). Further examination of the link between work-family conflict and physical health the role of health-related behaviors. American Behavioral Scientist, 49(9), 1204-1221.
Anikeeva, O., Bi, P., Hiller, J. E., Ryan, P., Roder, D., & Han, G.-S. (2010). Review paper: the health status of migrants in Australia: a review. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 159-193.
Arya, S., & Roy, A. (2006). Poverty, gender and migration (Vol. 2): Sage.
Asian Development Bank, (1993). Gender Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries. Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological bulletin, 121(3), 417.
Atchison, J. H. (1998). Perceived job satisfaction factors of nursing assistants employed in Midwest nursing homes. Geriatric Nursing, 19(3), 135-138.
Ayalon, L., & Baum, N. (2010). Social workers in home care: The Israeli case. Educational Gerontology, 36(10-11), 858-871.
Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P., & Biron, M. (2010). Alcohol consumption and workplace absenteeism: the moderating effect of social support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 334.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Baumann, A. O., Blythe, J., Rheaume, A., & McIntosh, K. (2006). Internationally educated nurses in Ontario: Maximizing the brain gain: Nursing Health Services Research Unit.
Behfar, K. J., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A., & Trochim, W. M. (2008). The critical role of conflict resolution in teams: a close look at the links between conflict type, conflict management strategies, and team outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 170.
Bell, A., & Bryson, C. (2005). Work-life balance-still awomen's issue'? British Social Attitudes, 22, 33.
Bhanugopan, R., & Fish, A. (2006). An empirical investigation of job burnout among expatriates. Personnel Review, 35(4), 449-468.
Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of behavioral medicine, 4(2), 139-157.
Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877.
Binstock, R. H., Cluff, L. E., & Von Mering, O. (1996). The future of long-term care: Social and policy issues: JHU Press.
Bosch, L., & De Lange, W. (1987). Shift work in health care∗. Ergonomics, 30(5), 773-791.
Bowers, B. J., Lauring, C., & Jacobson, N. (2001). How nurses manage time and work in long‐term care. Journal of advanced nursing, 33(4), 484-491.
Browne, C. V., & Braun, K. L. (2008). Globalization, women's migration, and the long-term-care workforce. The Gerontologist, 48(1), 16-24.
Buchan, J. (2003). Here to stay? International nurses in the UK. RCN: London.
Burchell, B., Day, D., Hudson, M., Ladipo, D., Mankelow, R., Nolan, J., Reed, H., Wichert, I., & Wilkinson, F. (1999). Job insecurity and work intensification: Flexibility and the changing boundaries of work (York, England, Joseph Rowntree Foundation).
Bureau of NHI, (2005). Bureau of National Health Insurance. (2005). The Health Insurance of the whole people counts the tendency in 2005. Taipei.
Burke, R. (2002). Work stress and coping in organizations: Progress and prospects. Paper presented at the Beyond coping: Meeting goals, visions, and challenges.
Burke, R. J., & Richardsen, A. M. (2000). Organizational-level interventions designed to reduce occupational stressors. Coping, health and organizations, 191-210.
Bush, D. M., & Autry 3rd, J. (2001). Substance abuse in the workplace: epidemiology, effects, and industry response. Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.), 17(1), 13-25, iii.
Carlson, J. A. (2010). Avoiding traps in member checking. The Qualitative Report, 15(5), 1102.
Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing workplace stress (Vol. 1): Sage.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative research. SagePublications Ltd, London.
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2003). Living to Work? Survey Report. London: CPD.
Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2005). Bullying at Work: Beyond Policies to a Culture Respect. London: CPD.
Chiao, C. Y., & Schepp, K. G. (2012). The impact of foreign caregiving on depression among older people in Taiwan: model testing. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(5), 1090-1099.
Cockerham, W.C. (1998). Medical Sociology 7th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall.
Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Noelker, L. (2000). Nursing staff satisfaction in long-term care: An overview. Satisfaction surveys in long-term care, 52-75.
Commission, E. O. (2007). Enter the Timelords: Transforming work to meet the future. Equal Opportunities Commission, Manchester.
Continuing Care Council. (1992). Continuing Care Council Opening Protocol. Standish, M.E. : Saint Joseph’s College.
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O'Driscoll, M. P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research, and applications: Sage.
Cooper, C. L., Marshall, J., & Cooper, C. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health.
Cooper, C., & Dewe, P. (2008). Well-being—absenteeism, presenteeism, costs and challenges. Occupational medicine, 58(8), 522-524.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
Council of Labour Affairs Taipei. (2008). The Report of Foreign Work Application and Administration. Taipei.
Cox, T. (1993). Stress research and stress management: Putting theory to work: HSE Books Sudbury.
Cox, T., Griffiths, A., Barlowe, C., Randall, R., Thomson, L., & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Organisational interventions for work stress A risk management approach. HSE CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT.
Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2007). Are we all working too hard? Women, men, and changing attitudes to employment. British Social Attitudes, 23, 55.
Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I.A., & Moffet, M.H. (2002). International Business: Update 2003 6th ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Education Publishing.
Davison, M. A. (1993). Filipina Nurses, Voices of Struggle and Determination [master’s thesis]. Los Angeles, CA: University of California.
DeLongis, A., Coyne, J. C., Dakof, G., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1(2), 119.
Department of Health, Taipei city Government, Executive Yuan. 2012. Long term care service. Taipei : Author. Retrivied from http://english.doh.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=38376516&ctNode=57124&mp=109002
Dermody, S. (1992). Do nurses' aides aid nurses or residents? Identifying the tasks they perform. The Journal of long term care administration, 21(2), 19-22.
Devine, C. M., Connors, M. M., Sobal, J., & Bisogni, C. A. (2003). Sandwiching it in: spillover of work onto food choices and family roles in low-and moderate-income urban households. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 617-630.
Devine, C. M., Connors, M. M., Sobal, J., & Bisogni, C. A. (2003). Sandwiching it in: spillover of work onto food choices and family roles in low-and moderate-income urban households. Social Science & Medicine, 56(3), 617-630.
DeVries, M. W., & Wilkerson, B. (2003). Stress, work and mental health: a global perspective. Acta neuropsychiatrica, 15(1), 44-53.
Dewe, P. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2010). Coping with work stress: A review and critique: John Wiley & Sons.
Dewe, P., Cox, T., & Ferguson, E. (1993). Individual strategies for coping with stress at work: a review. Work & Stress, 7(1), 5-15.
Di Martino, V. (1992). Occupational stress: A preventive approach. Conditions of Work Digest, 11, 3-3.
Dibartolo, M.C. (2000). Assesment Caregiver Burden: instruments, challenges, and nursing implications for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 26: 46-53.
Dictionary, C. E. (1993). London: William Collins & Sons & Co: Ltd.
Elkin, A. J., & Rosch, P. J. (1989). Promoting mental health at the workplace: the prevention side of stress management. Occupational medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.), 5(4), 739-754.
Fletcher, G. M., Behrens, T. K., & Domina, L. (2008). Barriers and enabling factors for work-site physical activity programs: a qualitative examination. Journal of physical activity & health, 5(3), 418.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). Coping: Pitfalls and promise. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 745-774.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992.
Fox, M. L., Dwyer, D. J., & Ganster, D. C. (1993). Effects of stressful job demands and control on physiological and attitudinal outcomes in a hospital setting. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 289-318.
Frone, M. R. (1999). Work stress and alcohol use. Alcohol research and health, 23(4), 284-291.
Frone, M. R. (2008). Are work stressors related to employee substance use? The importance of temporal context assessments of alcohol and illicit drug use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 199.
George, S. M. (2005). When women come first: Gender and class in transnational migration: Univ of California Press.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery grounded theory: strategies for qualitative inquiry. Aldin, Chicago.
Greeley, J., & Oei, T. (1999). Alcohol and tension reduction. Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism, 2, 14-53.
Greenglass, E. R. (2002). Proactive coping and quality of life management.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88.
Grzywacz, J. G., Casey, P. R., & Jones, F. A. (2007). The effects of workplace flexibility on health behaviors: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(12), 1302-1309.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194), 105.
Hagihara, A., Tarumi, K., & Nobutomo, K. (2001). A signal detection approach to the combined effects of work stressors on alcohol consumption. Journal of studies on alcohol, 62(6), 798-805.
Hang-Yue, N., Foley, S., & Loi, R. (2005). Work role stressors and turnover intentions: a study of professional clergy in Hong Kong. The international journal of human resource management, 16(11), 2133-2146.
Harvey, S., Kelloway, E. K., & Duncan-Leiper, L. (2003). Trust in management as a buffer of the relationships between overload and strain. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8(4), 306.
Health and Safety Executive. (2006). Stress-Related and Psychological Disorders, London: HSE.
Hellerstedt, W. L., & Jeffery, R. W. (1997). The association of job strain and health behaviours in men and women. International journal of epidemiology, 26(3), 575-583.
Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (1975). Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. Journal of abnormal psychology, 84(6), 666.
Heslin, P. A. (2005). Experiencing career success. Organizational Dynamics, 34(4), 376-390.
Hiro, H., Kawakami, N., Tanaka, K., & Nakamura, K. (2007). Association between job stressors and heavy drinking: age differences in male Japanese workers. Industrial health, 45(3), 415-425.
Hogan, E. A., & Overmyer-Day, L. (1994). The psychology of mergers and acquisitions. International review of industrial and organizational psychology, 9, 247-247.
Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2013). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare: John Wiley & Sons.
Holtz, G. A. (1982). Nurses' aides in nursing homes: why are they satisfied? Journal of gerontological nursing, 8(5), 265.
Houdmont, J., & Leka, S. (2010). Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice (Vol. 1): John Wiley & Sons.
Hsiung, P., Dai, Y., Shyc, Y., Chen, J., & Huang, J. (1992). The roles and functions of nurses and nurse aides at long-term care facilities. The Journal of Nursing (Chinese), 39(4), 49-55.
Huang, F. F., & Yang, H. H. (2011). The effects of nationality differences and work stressors on work adjustment for foreign nurse aides. BMC health services research, 11(1), 192.
Hunt, B. (2007). Managing equality and cultural diversity in the health workforce. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(12), 2252-2259.
ILO. (2002). The cost of Violence/Stress at work and the benefits of a violence/stress-free working environment. Geneva: International Labour Organization (ILO).
Indonesian Trade & Economic Association in Taiwan. (2015). Data Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Per Wilayah dan Sektor 2015. Taipei.
Ingledew, D. K., Hardy, L., Cooper, C. L., & Jemal, H. (1996). Health behaviours reported as coping strategies: A factor analytical study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1(3), 263-281.
Jackson, D. (1996). The multicultural workplace: comfort, safety and migrant nurses. Contemporary Nurse, 5(3), 120-126.
Jacobzone, S., Cambois, E., Chaplain, E., & Robine, J. M. (1999). The health of older persons in OECD countries.
Jerrard, J. (2003). Stress staff-The negative effects of working in LTC-plus ideas to help staff. Caring for the Ages, 10(4), 1.
Jex, S. M., & Elacqua, T. C. (1999). Time management as a moderator of relations between stressors and employee strain. Work & Stress, 13(2), 182-191.
Jimmieson, N. L. (2000). Employee reactions to behavioural control under conditions of stress: The moderating role of self-efficacy. Work & Stress, 14(3), 262-280.
Jones, F., O'Connor, D. B., Conner, M., McMillan, B., & Ferguson, E. (2007). Impact of daily mood, work hours, and iso-strain variables on self-reported health behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1731.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations.
Kawi, J., & Xu, Y. (2009). Facilitators and barriers to adjustment of international nurses: an integrative review. International nursing review, 56(2), 174-183.
Kennedy, B. R. (2005). Stress and burnout of nursing staff working with geriatric clients in long-term care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 381.
Kinsella, K. G., & Phillips, D. R. (2005). Global aging: The challenge of success (Vol. 60): Population Reference Bureau Washington, DC, USA.
Konno, R. (2006). Support for overseas qualified nurses in adjusting to Australian nursing practice: a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence‐Based Healthcare, 4(2), 83-100.
Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Cox, S. J., Cox, T., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Relationship between work stress and body mass index among 45,810 female and male employees. Psychosomatic medicine, 67(4), 577-583.
Kouvonen, A., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., Virtanen, M., Linna, A., & Vahtera, J. (2005). Job strain and leisure-time physical activity in female and male public sector employees. Preventive medicine, 41(2), 532-539.
Lallukka, T., Lahelma, E., Rahkonen, O., Roos, E., Laaksonen, E., Martikainen, P., . . . Marmot, M. (2008). Associations of job strain and working overtime with adverse health behaviors and obesity: evidence from the Whitehall II Study, Helsinki Health Study, and the Japanese Civil Servants Study. Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 1681-1698.
Lallukka, T., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., Roos, E., Laaksonen, M., Rahkonen, O., & Lahelma, E. (2004). Working conditions and health behaviours among employed women and men: the Helsinki Health Study. Preventive medicine, 38(1), 48-56.
Latack, J. C. (1986). Coping with job stress: measures and future directions for scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 377.
Latif, K.F., Nadeem, Aamir, Khalil, Imran, Zeb, Shahzd. (2012). Work Stressors and Behaviors across occupations. City University Research Journal Vol. 2 (1). Jan 2012; 35-50.
Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological inquiry, 1(1), 3-13.
Lazarus, R. S. (2001). Relational meaning and discrete emotions.
Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis: Springer Publishing Company.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress. Appraisal, and coping, 725. Springer publishing company.
Lee, H., Ahn, H., Miller, A., Park, C. G., & Kim, S. J. (2012). Acculturative stress, work-related psychosocial factors and depression in Korean-Chinese migrant workers in Korea. Journal of occupational health, 54(3), 206-214.
Lin, Lee-Chen. (2008). Section IV Long Term Care, Nursing Care in Taiwan Chapter 4. Taiwan: Dept. of Health, R.O.C.
Lin, S.-M., Yin, T. J., & Li, I.-C. (2002). An exploration of work stressors and correlators for nurse's aides in long-term care facilities. Journal of Nursing Research, 10(3), 177-186.
Lowden, A., Moreno, C., Holmbäck, U., Lennernäs, M., & Tucker, P. (2010). Eating and shift work—effects on habits, metabolism, and performance. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 150-162.
Maas, M., Buckwalter, K., & Specht, J. (1996). Nursing staff and quality of care in nursing homes. Nursing staff in hospitals and nursing homes: Is it adequate, 361-425.
Mackenzie, M. J., Carlson, L. E., Munoz, M., & Speca, M. (2007). A qualitative study of self‐perceived effects of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) in a psychosocial oncology setting. Stress and Health, 23(1), 59-69.
Mäkikangas, A., & Kinnunen, U. (2003). Psychosocial work stressors and well-being: Self-esteem and optimism as moderators in a one-year longitudinal sample. Personality and individual differences, 35(3), 537-557.
Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K., Ehnert, I., Oddou, G., Osland, J. S., & Kuhlmann, T. (2004). Evaluation studies of cross-cultural training programs. Handbook of intercultural training, 129-143.
Metcalfe, C., Smith, G. D., Sterne, J. A., Heslop, P., Macleod, J., & Hart, C. (2003). Frequent job change and associated health. Social Science & Medicine, 56(1), 1-15.
Metts, R. L. (2000). Disability issues, trends, and recommendations for the World Bank (full text and annexes). Washington, World Bank.
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2014b). Social and Family Affair Administration, MOHW County and City Government. (2014b). Elderly Long-term Care, Nursing, and Caring Institution. Taiwan. Retrivied From: http://www.mohw.gov.tw/CHT/CommonPages/TornadoRedirect.aspx?pk=16975
Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2014a). Taiwan Health and Welfare Report 2014. Taiwan.
Ministry of Interior, (2011). Physically and Mentally Disabled Citizens Living and Demand Assesment Survey Summary Analysis. Retrivied from: http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/english/esurvey/2011%20Physically%20And%20Mentally%20Disabled%20Citizens%20Living%20And%20Demand%20Assessment%20Survey%20Summary%20Analysis.pdf
Ministry of Interior, (2014). Population by Age. Retrivied from: http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htmy-02-01
Montgomery, R. J., Holley, P. L., Deichert, J., & Kosloski, K. (2005). A profile of home care workers from the 2000 census: How it changes what we know. The Gerontologist, 45(5), 593-600.
Moreno, D. L. (2002). A Measurement of Job Satisfaction Indicators of North Dakota Long Term Health Care Givers. University of North Dakota.
Morgan, D. G., Semchuk, K. M., Stewart, N. J., & D’Arcy, C. (2002). Job strain among staff of rural nursing homes: A comparison of nurses, aides, and activity workers. Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(3), 152-161.
Murphy, L. R., & Sauter, S. L. (2003). The USA perspective: Current issues and trends in the management of work stress. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 151-157.
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. (1999). Stress at Work. Bethesda, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Servfices.
Nelson, D.L., & Quick, J.C., (1996). Organizational behavior: The essentials. Minneapolis. St. Paul: West Publishing.
Newman, J. E., & Beehr, T. A. (1979). Personal and organizational strategies for handling job stress: A review of research and opinion. Personnel Psychology, 32(1), 1-43.
Ng, D. M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychology, 22(6), 638.
Nichols, P., Horner, B., & Fyfe, K. (2015). Understanding and improving communication processes in an increasingly multicultural aged care workforce. Journal of aging studies, 32, 23-31.
Noblet, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2006). The role of workplace health promotion in addressing job stress. Health promotion international, 21(4), 346-353.
O’Driscoll, M., & O’Driscoll, E., (2008). New Technology and well-being at work. State of science review: SR-C5. Foresight Mental Capital and Well-Being Project. London: The Government office for Science.
O'Brien, T. B., & DeLongis, A. (1996). The interactional context of problem‐, emotion‐, and relationship‐focused coping: the role of the big five personality factors. Journal of personality, 64(4), 775-813.
O'Connor, D. B., Jones, F., Conner, M., McMillan, B., & Ferguson, E. (2008). Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 27(1S), S20.
Omeri, A., & Atkins, K. (2002). Lived experiences of immigrant nurses in New South Wales, Australia: searching for meaning. International journal of nursing studies, 39(5), 495-505.
Pak, S.-H. K., Olsen, L. K., & Mahoney, B. S. (1999). The relationships of health behaviors to perceived stress, job satisfaction, and role modeling among health professionals in South Korea. International Quarterly of Community Health Education, 19(1), 65-76.
Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of general psychology, 1(2), 115.
Parker, J. D., & Endler, N. S. (1996). Coping and defense: A historical overview.
Payne, N., Jones, F., & Harris, P. R. (2013). Employees’ perceptions of the impact of work on health behaviours. Journal of health psychology, 18(7), 887-899.
Popenoe, D. (1993). American family decline, 1960-1990: A review and appraisal. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 527-542.
Pratt, J. R. (2010). Long-term care: Managing across the continuum: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Redfoot, D. L., & Houser, A. N. (2005). " We shall travel on": Quality of care, economic development, and the international migration of long-term care workers: AARP Public Policy Institute Washington, DC.
Roos, E., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., & Lallukka, T. (2004). Having lunch at a staff canteen is associated with recommended food habits. Public health nutrition, 7(01), 53-61.
Roos, E., Sarlio-Lähteenkorva, S., Lallukka, T., & Lahelma, E. (2007). Associations of work–family conflicts with food habits and physical activity. Public health nutrition, 10(03), 222-229.
Roper, J. M., Jill Shapira, R., & Alicia Beck RN, B. (2001). Nurse caregiver feelings about agitation in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of gerontological nursing, 27(12), 32.
Rospenda, K. (2002). Workplace harassment, services utilization, and drinking outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(2), 141.
Schachter, S., Goldman, R., & Gordon, A. (1968). Effects of fear, food deprivation, and obesity on eating. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(2), 91.
Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Coping with Job Stress. In N.J. Sndser & P.B. Balter (eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 7984-7.
Schwappach, D. L., Massetti, C. M., & Gehring, K. (2012). Communication barriers in counselling foreign-language patients in public pharmacies: threats to patient safety? International journal of clinical pharmacy, 34(5), 765-772.
Schwetschenau, H. M., O'Brien, W. H., Cunningham, C. J., & Jex, S. M. (2008). Barriers to physical activity in an on-site corporate fitness center. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(4), 371.
Selye, H. (1950). The physiology and Pathology of ex posure to stress. A treatise based on the concepts of the general-adaptation-syndrome and the diseases of adaptation.
Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(1), 27.
Siegrist, J., & Rödel, A. (2006). Work stress and health risk behavior. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 473-481.
Singh, D. A. (2014). Effective management of long-term care facilities: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Soylu, A. (2008). Causes and consequences of work stress: A comparison of foreign and American workers in the United States: Temple University.
Spielberger, C. D. (2010). Job stress survey: Wiley Online Library.
Spillman, D. (1990). Survey of food and vitamin intake responses reported by university students experiencing stress. Psychological Reports, 66(2), 499-502.
Steptoe, A., Lipsey, Z., & Wardle, J. (1998). Stress, hassles and variations in alcohol consumption, food choice and physical exercise: A diary study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 3(1), 51-63.
Stewart, W., & Barling, J. (1996). Daily work stress, mood and interpersonal job performance: A mediational model. Work & Stress, 10(4), 336-351.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2007). Making globalization work: WW Norton & Company.
Stone, A. A., & Brownell, K. D. (1994). The stress-eating paradox: multiple daily measurements in adult males and females. Psychology and Health, 9(6), 425-436.
Suls, J., & David, J. P. (1996). Coping and personality: Third time's the charm? Journal of personality, 64(4), 993-1005.
Sung, H. C., Chang, S. M., & Tsai, C. S. (2005). Working in long‐term care settings for older people with dementia: nurses’ aides. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(5), 587-593.
Sutton, S. (2001). Health behavior: Psychosocial theories. International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences, 6499-6506.
Tavares, L. S., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2008). Not enough time? Individual and environmental implications for workplace physical activity programming among women with and without young children. Health Care for Women International, 29(3), 244-281.
Tetrick, L. E., Quick, J. C., & Quick, J. D. (2005). 15 Prevention perspectives in occupational health psychology. Research companion to organizational health psychology, 209.
Torres, L. (2010). Predicting levels of Latino depression: Acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 256.
Tsutsumi, A., Kayaba, K., Yoshimura, M., Sawada, M., Ishikawa, S., Sakai, K., . . . Group, J. M. S. C. S. (2003). Association between job characteristics and health behaviors in Japanese rural workers. International journal of behavioral medicine, 10(2), 125-142.
Tu, M. C.-h. (2006). Culture and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis Between Taiwanese and Filipino Caregivers Working in Taiwan's Long-term Care Industry: ProQuest.
Tulchin, J. S., & Bland, G. (2005). Getting globalization right: The dilemmas of inequality: Lynne Rienner Publishers Boulder.
Turrittin, J., Hagey, R., Guruge, S., Collins, E., & Mitchell, M. (2002). The experiences of professional nurses who have migrated to Canada: cosmopolitan citizenship or democratic racism? International journal of nursing studies, 39(6), 655-667.
United Nations, Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. ST/ESA/SER.A/348.
Van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E., Bergers, G., & Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(2), 295-315.
Wardle, J., Steptoe, A., Oliver, G., & Lipsey, Z. (2000). Stress, dietary restraint and food intake. Journal of psychosomatic research, 48(2), 195-202.
Waxman, H. M., Carner, E. A., & Berkenstock, G. (1984). Job turnover and job satisfaction among nursing home aides. The Gerontologist, 24(5), 503-509.
Welbourne, J. L., Eggerth, D., Hartley, T. A., Andrew, M. E., & Sanchez, F. (2007). Coping strategies in the workplace: Relationships with attributional style and job satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 312-325.
Wiener, J. M., & Tilly, J. (2002). Population ageing in the United States of America: implications for public programmes. International journal of epidemiology, 31(4), 776-781.
Winkelmann-Gleed, A., & Seeley, J. (2005). Strangers in a British world? Integration of international nurses. British Journal of Nursing, 14(18), 954-961.
World Health Organization (2011). "Global health and aging." Bethesda: National Institutes of Health.
Wu, S.C., Lin., L.C., Wu., Y.Y. (1999). Discussing the differences in long-term care of Taiwan and western cultures. The Journal of Long Term Care 3 (2): 1-8.
Xu, Y. (2007). Strangers in strange lands: a metasynthesis of lived experiences of immigrant Asian nurses working in Western countries. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(3), 246-265.
Yang, A. C. (2002). Long-term care for the elderly in Taiwan. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(3), 252-256.
Yeh, S. (2003). Nurse aides job satisfaction in long-term care facilities. Show Chwan Medical Journal, 4(1), 11-21.
Yi, M., & Jezewski, M. A. (2000). Korean nurses’ adjustment to hospitals in the United States of America. Journal of advanced nursing, 32(3), 721-729.