臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

空氣污染對人體健康造成的影響相當大，因此台灣在1993年引用了空氣污染指標PSI (Pollutant Standards Index)，以提醒民眾空氣污染的影響。PSI是以不同污染物中當日各副指標之最大值為該測站當日之空氣污染指標值，此方法只能顯示一種污染物所帶來的影響，忽略不同污染物之間的加成作用。而且PSI是以各污染物的濃度去計算，沒有考量空氣污染物與人體健康的關係。
本研究將以中部空氣品質區為例，以環保署所提供的空氣品質監測資料(包括：NO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5、SO2及CO)，結合由衛生福利部統計處提供之每月死亡人數，利用卜瓦松迴歸得出污染物所帶來的健康風險，並參照(Stieb et al., 2008)所提之方法計算出各種污染物的超額風險值(Excessive Risk, ER)用以建構空氣品質健康指標(Air Quality Health Index, AQHI)。
本研究結果顯示，在六種污染物中，二氧化氮、懸浮微粒(PM10, PM2.5) 及一氧化碳的超額風險較為顯著，而臭氧及二氧化硫則較小。夏季期間的AQHI值遠低於其他的季節，而春、秋及冬季期間的AQHI值則較為相近。中部空品區測站的AQHI值出現數量不少的低值(1-3)。而AQHI與PSI不良日數作比較時，顯示PSI出現不良日時AQHI並不一定為高值。推測是因為PSI不良日的指標污染物大多為臭氧，然而本研究推估出的臭氧超額風險值十分低，從而造成PSI若因臭氧濃度過高而出現不良日時，AQHI未必會出現高值。

The health impact of air pollution on human is large, so Taiwan EPA (Environmental Protection Administration) proposed air pollution index PSI (Pollutant Standards Index) in 1993, to remind people the impact of air pollution. PSI is calculated in each monitoring station by using the sub-index of different pollutants in the same day and the highest sub-index would be the PSI of that station. This method only shows the effect of a single pollutant, ignoring the synergism between different pollutants. And PSI is to calculated using only the concentration of each pollutant, thus have no considerations on the relation between air pollutants and human health.
This study utilized central Taiwan air basin as an example, by using air quality monitoring data provided by EPA, combined with monthly number of deaths provided by the Ministry of Health, using Poisson regression to find out the health risk generated by each air pollutant. Following method proposed by Stieb et al. (2008) to calculate the value of the excess risk (ER) of various pollutants to develop air quality health index (AQHI).
The results of this study showed that among the six pollutants, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO show greater excess risk than O3 and SO2. AQHI value is much lower during the summer, and the AQHI value in spring, autumn and winter period is similar. Central Taiwan air basin’s monitoring stations have generally low AQHI values (1-3). Using AQHI generated by this study to compare with Taiwan’s PSI, show that when PSI is indicated as poor air quality, AQHI is not necessarily be poor air quality. This study assumes the reasons may due to that most of the index pollutant are O3, but in this study O3 has a relatively low excessive risk causing when PSI is indicated as poor air quality but AQHI does not.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 vii
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究架構 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 台灣中部空品區環境背景資料 5
2.1.1 地理條件 6
2.1.2 空氣品質狀況 6
2.2 空氣污染指標 8
2.2.1 國內空氣污染指標 9
2.2.2 國外空氣污染指標 12
2.3 空氣污染對人體的影響 17
2.4 文獻小結 18
第三章 研究方法 19
3.1 資料介紹與處理 19
3.1.1 空氣污染物資料 19
3.1.2 健康風險資料 20
3.2 資料處理 21
3.3 卜瓦松迴歸 23
3.4 空氣品質健康指標之建構 24
第四章 結果與討論 26
4.1 中部空品區描述性統計分析 26
4.1.1 空氣污染物 26
4.1.2 中部空品區死亡人數 35
4.2 各污染物之超額風險值 35
4.3 AQHI之建構 40
4.3.1 AQHI分級 42
4.3.2 不同地區之AQHI分布 44
4.4 AQHI與現時PSI之比較 48
第五章 結論與建議 51
5.1 結論 51
5.2 未來建議 52
參考文獻 53
附錄 55
 
圖目錄
圖1.1 懸浮微粒可引起的病理反應 2
圖1.2 研究架構圖 3
圖2.1.1 台灣空氣品質區區域分布 5
圖2.1.2 2005至2014年空氣污染指標平均值變化圖 7
圖2.1.3 2005至2014年空氣品質不良百分比變化圖 7
圖2.1.4 2005年至2014年各污染物年平均濃度變化圖 8
圖2.2.1 細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)指標對照表與活動建議 11
圖3.1 中部空品區11個測站地理位置 20
圖3.3 中部空品區死亡人數歷年變化 24
圖4.1.1 中部空品區空氣染物之盒鬚圖 29
圖4.1.2 歷年空氣污染物濃度變化 30
圖4.1.3 中部空品區污染物濃度分布圖 32
圖4.1.4 中部空品區歷年死亡人數 35
圖4.2.1 中部空品區各污染物之超額風險值 36
圖4.2.2 不同季節的超額風險值 36
圖4.2.3 各測站的超額風險值 37
圖4.2.4 各污染物於不同測站之超額風險值 39
圖4.3.1 不同方法所求得之AQHI：(a)Stieb et al.方法；(b)應用超額風險值 40
圖4.3.2 台灣中部不同季節之AQHI盒鬚圖 41
圖4.3.3 台灣中部各污染物於不同季節之AQHI 42
圖4.3.4 豐原站之AQHI分布 44
圖4.3.5 西屯站之AQHI分布 45
圖4.3.6 忠明站之AQHI分布 45
圖4.3.7 沙鹿站之AQHI分布 45
圖4.3.8 大里站之AQHI分布 46
圖4.3.9 彰化站之AQHI分布 46
圖4.3.10 二林站之AQHI分布 46
圖4.3.11 線西站之AQHI分布 47
圖4.3.12 南投站之AQHI分布 47
圖4.3.13 埔里站之AQHI分布 47
圖4.3.14 竹山站之AQHI分布 48
圖4.4.1 台中市各測站每月不良PSI日數 48
圖4.4.2 彰化縣各測站每月不良PSI日數 49
圖4.4.3 南投縣各測站每月不良PSI日數 49
圖4.4.4 AQHI與PSI每月不良日數之比較 50

表目錄
表2.2.1 污染物濃度與污染物副指標值對照表 9
表2.2.2 PSI值與健康影響 10
表2.2.3 英國空氣污染指標分級 13
表2.2.4 美國空氣污染指標分級 14
表3.1 各空氣品質監測站之最接近測站 22
表4.1 中部空品區各測站污染物間之相關性 33
表4.3 AQHI分級標準 42

西文文獻
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網路資料
行政院環境保護署，空氣品質監測網，http://taqm.epa.gov.tw/taqm/tw/default.aspx
世界衛生組織 (World Health Organization, WHO)，室外空氣品質報告，http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/