臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鵝隻飛機翼（angel wing）發生係於生長期間，其單或雙邊翅膀外翻現象，大多從由掌骨關節處開始向體側外翻出。
本試驗的白羅曼鵝源自行政院農業委員會畜產試驗所彰化種畜繁殖場於 1974 與 1985 年分別自丹麥與美國引進，經長期選拔體重或繁殖性狀之高體重與高產蛋兩個品系。紀錄上述選育鵝群自 1997 至 2007 年孵出者之有或無飛機翼情形，共 1,696 隻，並將飛機翼的發生與否視為門檻性狀，估算鵝隻飛機翼之傾向性遺傳率（liability heritability, h2）為 0.31。
以白羅曼鵝品系與飼糧營養濃度探討對鵝隻飛機翼發生之試驗，白羅曼鵝品系分別為高體重品系、飛機翼品系及商用品系；高營養濃度飼糧處理組為鵝隻於 0 – 4 週齡時餵飼粗蛋白質與代謝能含量分別為 20% 與 2,900 kcal/kg 之飼糧，而低營養濃度飼糧處理組則為鵝隻於 0 – 4 週齡時餵飼粗蛋白質與代謝能含量分別為 15% 與 2,750 kcal/kg之飼糧。試驗結果顯示，飛機翼品系鵝隻於 14 週齡之飛機翼程度評分顯著較高體重與商用品系者高（1.90 vs. 0.23 與 0.40，P < 0.05），而其飛機翼發生率亦顯著較高體重與商用品系者高（54.8% vs. 11.6%與13.3%，P < 0.05）。於 14 週齡時，鵝隻餵飼高營養濃度飼糧之飛機翼程度評分與發生率均有較餵飼低營養濃度者高之趨勢（1.10 vs. 0.58 與34.6% vs. 18.5%，P < 0.10）。
在探討飼養密度與遺傳品系對白羅曼鵝飛機翼發生之影響的試驗中，採低、中及高等 3 種飼養密度，第 0 – 3 週飼養密度依序為 12.5、16.7 及 20.8 kg/m2（24、32 及 40 隻/1.92 m2）；第 4 – 6 週飼養密度依序為4.64、6.18 及 7.73 kg/m2（24、32 及 40 隻/13.2 m2）；第 7 – 14 週飼養密度依序為5.75、7.18 及 8.62 kg/m2（24、30 及 36 隻/20.0 m2），每欄均含 2 個選育品系（飛機翼與正常翼品系）以及 1 個商用品系。試驗結果發現飛機翼品系在 8 週齡以後的飛機翼程度評分與發生率均顯著較其他 2 個品系高，然鵝隻飛機翼程度評分與發生率之表現則不受試驗之飼養密度所影響。
綜上所述，白羅曼鵝之飛機翼嚴重程度與發生率受遺傳選拔而提高，且鵝隻餵飼低營養濃度之飼糧有降低其飛機翼嚴重程度與發生率之趨勢。如以減少鵝隻飛機翼發生之方向考量，其飼養密度須低於低飼養密度組者，且增加鵝隻運動與活動空間，才較有可能有效降低鵝隻之飛機翼發生率。

Angel wing (AW) is an anomaly in certain growing waterfowls. It is characterized by a lateral rotation of the distal end of the fore limbs, either single sided or double sided, mostly at the carpometacarpus, from there to the extremity of the wing twisting outward away from the body lateral.
The White Roman geese used in this study were originally imported from Denmark and USA in 1974 and 1985, respectively, and had been genetically selected into two lines, one for heavy body weight and the other for egg production, from 1997 to 2007 by Changhua Animal Propagation Station. A total of 1,696 geese from these genetic stocks were recorded as AW or not. As long as AW regarded as one of the threshold traits, the liability heritability of incidence of AW (IAW), 0.31, was then estimated.
The effects of lines and dietary nutrient densities on severity scoree of AW (SSAW) and IAW in White Roman geese were investigated with three genetic backgrounds of birds, i.e., the line genetically selected for high IAW (AL), the line genetically selected for heavy body weight (HL) and the line from a commercial farm (CL), and two feeding regimes, i.e., high dietary nutrient density as geese provided of starter diet during 0 to 4 week of age and grower diet during 5 to 14 week of age and low dietary nutrient density as geese provided of grower diet during 0 to 14 week of age. The results showed that the birds in AL in comparison with those in HL and CL had a significant higher severity scores (1.90 vs. 0.23 and 0.40) and incidence (54.8% vs. 11.6% or 13.3%) of angel wing at age of 14 weeks. The birds fed with high nutrition concentration diet in comparison with those fed with low nutrient concentration diet had a tendency of higher SSAW (1.10 vs. 0.58, P < 0.10) and IAW (34.6% vs. 18.5%, P < 0.10) observed at age of 14 weeks.
As environmental management regarded, stocking density had been investigated. Following common commercial practice, low- (LD), medium-, and high-stocking-density treatments were respectively administered to 24, 32, and 40 geese per pen at 0–3 weeks (1.92 m2/pen) and 4 – 6 weeks (13.2 m2/pen) of age and to 24, 30, and 36 geese at 7 – 14 weeks (20.0 m2/pen) of age. The effect of stocking density on SSAW and IAW did not differ significantly among the treatments. To effectively reduce IAW, stocking density, a suspected causal factor, should be lower than that presently applied commercially.
In conclusion, genetic selection for angel wing in white Roman goose did result in higher severity scores and incidence of angel wing and feeding the birds with low nutrition concentration diet may result in lower severity and incidence of angel wing. If incidence of angel wing should be effective reduced, stocking density, one of the suspected causing factors, should be lower than the present commercial practice.

目錄
頁次
中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------Ⅰ
英文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------III
圖次--------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII
表次----------------------------------------------------------------------------------IX
壹、前言------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
貳、文獻檢討-------------------------------------------------------------------------4
一、飛機翼之外觀與解剖研究------------------------------------------------4
二、探討遺傳對鵝飛機翼發生之成因---------------------------------------7
三、探討營養對鵝飛機翼發生之成因---------------------------------------9
四、探討飼養環境及管理對鵝飛機翼發生之成因-----------------------14
參、研究主題----------------------------------------------------------------------17
第一章 白羅曼鵝之遺傳與性能與其飛機翼發生率之關係----------- 18
摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------18
前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------20
材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------23
結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------25
結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------27
第二章 白羅曼鵝品系與飼糧營養濃度對鵝隻飛機翼發生之影響-- 28
摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------32
材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------35
結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------42
結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------48
第三章 探討影響白羅曼鵝飛機翼發生之因子－飼養密度與
遺傳選育-------------------------------------------------------------- 49
摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------49
前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------53
材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------55
結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------60
結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------69
第四章 飼養密度與飼糧營養濃度對白羅曼鵝生長性能與
飛機翼發生之影響-------------------------------------------------- 70
摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------70
前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------74
材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------77
結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------82
結論----------------------------------------------------------------------------92
肆、總結----------------------------------------------------------------------------93
伍、未來研究方向----------------------------------------------------------------94
陸、參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------------------95

圖次
頁次
圖1. 白羅曼鵝正常翼與飛機翼之外貌----------------------------------------5
圖2. 白羅曼鵝正常翼與飛機翼之X-ray顯相攝於鵝隻8週齡------------6
圖3. 雙翼均為飛機翼之白羅曼母鵝----------------------------------------- 22
圖4. 白羅曼鵝之正常翼與飛機翼嚴重程度之外貌------------------------41
圖5. 鵝舍內溫度之變化---------------------------------------------------------84

 
表次
頁次
表 1. 白羅曼鵝之族群與雙親均為飛機翼親屬之飛機翼發生
情形（1997-2007年）-----------------------------------------------------26
表 2. 白羅曼鵝體重系之族群與雙親均為飛機翼親屬之飛機翼
發生情形（1997-2007年）----------------------------------------------26
表 3. 白羅曼鵝產蛋系之族群與雙親均為飛機翼親屬之飛機翼
發生情形（1997-2007年）-----------------------------------------------26
表 4. 試驗飼糧組成------------------------------------------------------------- 37
表 5. 鵝品系與飼糧營養濃度對鵝隻生長性能之影響------------------- 44
表 6. 鵝品系與飼糧營養濃度對鵝隻飛機翼程度評分與發生率
之影響----------------------------------------------------------------------47
表 7. 試驗飼糧組成------------------------------------------------------------- 59
表 8. 飼養密度與品系對0至14週齡鵝隻體重與體增重之影響-------66
表 9. 飼養密度對0至14週齡鵝隻飼料轉換率之影響-------------------67
表10. 飼養密度與品系對6至14週齡鵝隻飛機翼程度評分與
發生率之影響-------------------------------------------------------------68
表11. 試驗飼糧組成------------------------------------------------------------- 78
表12. 飼養密度及飼糧營養濃度對白羅曼鵝生長性狀之影響---------- 85
表13. 飼養密度及飼糧營養濃度對白羅曼鵝飛機翼程度評分
與發生率之影響----------------------------------------------------------89
表14. 性別對白羅曼鵝飛機翼程度評分與發生率之影響---------------- 91

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