臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究位於雪東線7.8 - 8.9K海拔3,249 - 3,421 m以苔蘚類為優勢地被的臺灣冷杉純林，研究區域面積約38.59 ha，透過航空照片判釋孔隙並結合地面植群調查，以不同尺度探討雪山臺灣冷杉亞高山林內孔隙動態及孔隙干擾對於地被多樣性、植群組成與冷杉更新的影響。透過GIS判釋12年(2001、2009、2013)間的正射航空照片，孔隙面積覆蓋率介於2.79 −4.87%，孔隙面積<50 m2占36.87−57.69%，為典型以小孔隙為主體的森林。孔隙動態指數中，2001-2013年的孔隙形成率為0.11%，孔隙閉合率0.28%，冠層轉換時間為258年。研究區內51−57% 的孔隙分布位於北向坡(迎風坡)，並隨颱風侵襲次數、平均風速及雨量的增加使孔隙形成率上升，風害干擾掌控著冷杉林內的冠層動態變化。
2015年7至10月進行地被植群及小苗更新調查，共設置16個孔隙及12個非孔隙樣區，樣區面積為80 m2，並由中央、北方、東方、南方及西方5個16 m2小區所構成。孔隙形成木以幹折(49.0%)占比例最高，枯立(34.4%)次之。地被植群共記錄89種維管束植物，其中43個物種僅出現於孔隙，另擬烏蘇里瓦葦、雙黃花菫菜、細川氏薊3個物種只出現於非孔隙內，孔隙與非孔隙皆出現的有43種。比較α地被多樣性，全樣區孔隙內的種數、Shannon-Weiner多樣性指數均高於非孔隙樣區，然而地被多樣性指數與全天光空域間呈顯著負相關，並造成區域性的差異；分區結果呈現，隨孔隙面積增加，地被多樣性上升，並呈現孔隙中央高於邊緣的現象。間接梯度排序分析中，地被物種出現有無僅反映出樣區地理位置的不同；相對覆蓋度排序結果則可明顯區分孔隙與非孔隙樣區。直接梯度分析中，孔隙-非孔隙樣區地被覆蓋度受海拔、坡度、苔蘚類厚度、冠層覆蓋度、直射光立地係數及漫射光立地係數的影響而不同；孔隙樣區則受海拔、苔蘚厚度、孔隙面積、最低土溫、漫射光立地係數、全天光空域、倒木殘骸覆蓋率的影響有所差異，並隨孔隙年齡增加第2區(主東線8.9K)、第3區(水源地0.3 - 0.5K)孔隙與第1區(主東線7.8 - 8.2K)孔隙的地被植群組成差異越大。比較孔隙內不同位置，孔隙邊緣均與中央植群呈顯著差異；各方位間僅孔隙中央與東方樣區地被植群呈顯著差異。
臺灣冷杉更新調查結果顯示，全區冷杉小苗生長至稚樹的存活率於非孔隙0.58%、小孔隙3.31%、中孔隙6.24%及大孔隙9.12%，較大面積之孔隙可提供臺灣冷杉較適宜的生長發育環境；孔隙與非孔隙比較下，小苗密度並無顯著差異，然稚樹密度於孔隙內較高。然而，臺灣冷杉更新仍受區域環境所影響，並偏好全天光空域較高的環境。分區結果指出，第1區稚樹密度於中孔隙(60-150 m2)最高，也符合航照判釋結果(平均孔隙面積介於：59.27 -105.07 m2)；孔隙內不同位置中，冷杉小苗於孔隙邊緣的密度高於中央，稚樹則因區域性不同更新有所差異；不同孔隙年齡下，小苗並無顯著數量上的差異；稚樹則多出現於形成較久的孔隙中。

摘要……………………………………………………………………………………..i
Abstract...………………………………………………………………………………iii
目次……………………………………………………………………………………..v
表目次…………………………………………………………………………………vii
圖目次………………………………………………………………………………….ix
壹、 前言………………………………………………………………………………..1
貳、 前人研究………………………………………………………………………….4
一、 孔隙動態研究發展………………………………………………………... 4
二、 孔隙特性………………………………………………………………….....5
三、 孔隙動態研究方法………………………………………………………....8
四、 亞高山林孔隙動態研究…………………………………………………..9
五、 植群生態學………………………………………………………………. 11
六、 臺灣冷杉相關研究………………………………………………………...19
七、 國外冷杉屬孔隙更新研究………………………………………………..21
八、 微環境對更新之影響...…………………………………………………...23
參、 材料與方法……………………………………………………………………....24
一、 研究區域概況……………………………………………………………24
二、 正射航照評估孔隙動態…………………………………………………..25
三、 現地調查……………………………………………………………...29
四、 臺灣冷杉小苗及稚樹更新………………………………………………..36
五、 臺灣冷杉小苗越冬存活率……………………………………………...36
六、 統計分析……………………………………………………………………37
肆、 結果…………………………………………………………………………….....38
一、 不同年度的孔隙特性…………………………………………………......38
二、 孔隙動態……………………………………………………………………38
三、 不同冠層類型環境因子監測…………………………………………44
四、 地被多樣性及植群組成…………………………………………………..52
五、 臺灣冷杉小苗及稚樹更新………………………………………………..96
伍、 討論……………………………………………………………………………...111
一、 航照判釋孔隙動態……………………………………………...111
二、 孔隙大小及微環境監測…………………………………………………114
三、 地被多樣性及植群組成……………………………………………….117
四、 臺灣冷杉小苗及稚樹更新…………………………………………….125
陸、 結論…………………………………………………………………………….131
柒、 引用文獻………………………………………………………………………..133
附錄一、雪山臺灣冷杉林維管束植物名錄……………………………………...154
附錄二、樣區及環境概況………………………………..……………………...158

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中央氣象局 (無日期) 颱風資料。取自：http://rdc28.cwb.gov.tw
農林航空測量所 (2016) 圖資介紹。取自：http://www.afasi.gov.tw/type