臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

梨山地區高山農業包含溫帶水果、高山茶與高冷蔬菜，是台灣高海拔山區的特殊景觀，由於種植坡度陡峭以及過度施肥情況下，已造成位於下坡處的德基水庫水質優養化。因此本研究選取德基水庫集水區的有勝溪、合歡溪、畢祿溪與成武溪作為研究對象，從水化學特性，探討高山農業對水庫集水區溪流水化學之影響，試驗資料採樣時間為2014年3月至2015年12月。由土地利用型圖可得知有勝溪是菜園地面積比例最高者，其次為合歡溪，果樹面積比例最高者為成武溪，其次為合歡溪，畢祿溪集水區則無開墾行為。
在基流時，有勝溪NO3 與K濃度是所有試驗集水區中最高者，NO3 濃度比起其他集水區高3 ~ 4倍。且有勝溪NO3 與Cl離子變化幅度較大，峰值時期與農業活動重疊，顯示農業活動除了影響NO3 以外，亦對Cl產生影響。合歡溪與成武溪雖然皆有農業活動，但從水化學特性來看並無影響，此應與二處森林緩衝帶有關，森林將過多的營養鹽吸附留存，減少營養鹽流入溪流中，達到淨化水質之功效。有勝溪水化學特性在2015年蘇迪勒颱風事件，明顯受到農業活動影響，其中NH4 與NO2 濃度皆超過環保署所規定之飲用水水質限值。在各集水區養分輸出方面，NO3 在畢祿溪是所有試驗集水區中輸出量最高者，推論可能原因為畢祿溪集水區天然林之林木已經達到成熟期，對於養分吸收減少，但森林枯枝落層微生物相豐富，分解作用相當旺盛，導致會有較多的養分流失。
主成分分析結果顯示，第一主成分可解釋變異量為36.75 %，與HCO3、Cl、SO4、Na、Mg、Ca受土壤岩石風化作用相關性較大，其次為第二主成分，可解釋變異量為19.84 %，與NO3、K植群的養分循環和農業活動有關。畢祿溪上游有大面積崩塌，溪流水中鹽基陽離子濃度明顯較高，其原因除植物死亡減少吸收此等陽離子外，地被裸露面積增加，風化作用較旺盛，增加了無機陽離子水溶的機會，使得第一主成分得點 (factor scores) 較大。有勝溪中下游因農業活動施撒過多的肥料，如種植高麗菜通常會使用石灰增加土壤pH值，且菜園地土壤裸露，使風化作用增強，養分溶出較多，導致有勝溪第一與第二主成分得點較其他集水區高。

Mountain agriculture is a special landscape in Taiwan, its crops including temperate fruit trees, high mountain tea and cold vegetables. The steep slope, crops (shallow root vegetables), farming (using a lot of fertilizer and pesticides), carrying capacity and management of land resulted problems of water quality in the reservoir watershed. This study focused on the relationship between land use types and water quality in the Tehchi reservoir watershed. Long-term study data was collected from March 2014 to December 2015 at Yusheng, Pilu, Hehuan and Chengwu watersheds.
Land use map showed that the Yusheng watershed has the highest percentage of vegetation cover and that of the Hehuan watershed is the second. The Chengwu watershed has the highest percentage of orchard cover and that of the Hehuan is the second. There are no agricultural activities in Pilu watershed.
Concentration of NO3 and K were the highest in comparison with that of other watersheds during the low flow period and even had 3 to 4 times higher than the concentration of other creeks. Concentrations of NO3 and Cl of the Yusheng creek had the greatest fluctuation ranges and the time of peak concentration for these two ions was in consistent with the time period of frequent agricultural activities. The phenomenon indicated that agricultural activities are not only influencing the concentration of NO3 but also that of Cl. Although agricultural activities are found in both Hehuan and Chengwu watersheds, there is no significant influence on water chemistry for these two creeks due to the forestry buffer zones effect which is considered having ability to absorb nutrients. Water chemistry of the Yusheng creek was affected by agricultural activity during typhoon period and the concentration of NH4 and NO2 were exceeded the limit specified by the Environmental Protection Aministration.
Output of NO3 for the Pilu creek is the highest among all monitored watersheds. The possible reasons for the highest output are : 1. Vegetation in the watershed is matured old forests which need fewer nutrients and therefore more nutrients can be exported 2. Vegetables and fruits absorbed more nutrients than that of forest and 3. Volume of baseflow of Pilu creek is highest.
The results of principal component analysis showed that principal component 1 (PC1) which represent weathering can explain 36.75 % varience, PC2 which represent land use can explain 19.84 % varience. Pilu upstream had large landslide areas, causing cation concentration higher, so it had higher PC1 scores. Yusheng midstream and downstream had lots of agricultural activities and fertilizer, causing PC1 and PC2 scores higher.

摘要 i
Abstrat ii
目錄 iv
表目次 vi
圖目次 vii
壹、 前言 1
一、 研究起源 1
二、 研究目的 3
貳、 前人研究 4
一、 溪流水無機養分離子特性 4
二、 土地利用與水質關係 6
三、 颱風事件對溪流水水化學之影響 8
四、 森林淨化水質之功效 10
參、 材料與方法 12
一、 試驗地概況 12
(一) 有勝溪 13
(二) 合歡溪 15
(三) 畢祿溪 16
(四) 成武溪 18
二、 水樣收集與現場測量 20
三、 水化學分析 21
四、 土地利用數化 22
五、 颱風事件 27
六、 資料處理和分析 29
(一) 變方分析及多重比較 29
(二) 主成分分析 29
肆、 結果 31
一、 水化學時間變異分析 31
二、 雨水與溪流水離子濃度 41
三、 雨水與溪流水通量 42
四、 有勝溪於颱風期間溪流水化學變化 45
五、 主成分分析結果 49
伍、 討論 51
一、 農業活動對水化學濃度之影響 51
(一) 基流水化學特性 51
(二) 颱風溪流水化學特性 52
(三) 雨水水化學特性 54
二、 農業活動對水化學通量之影響 55
三、 綜合評估農業活動對水化學影響 56
陸、 結論 59
柒、 參考文獻 61

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