臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

火鶴花組織培養初期誘導率甚低，生物性因子及環境因子仍須探討，本研究針對火鶴花切花、盆花品種探討生長素、半胱胺酸及金屬離子對癒傷組織誘導及提升瓶苗品質之影響。
就IBA效應而言，7.5 µM IBA處理其新生捲葉及全展開新葉於中主脈皆有較佳之癒傷組織誘導，以全展開新葉中主脈誘導較多之癒傷組織。培養基添加半胱胺酸不能抑制培植體褐化，且無法促進癒傷組織誘導，瓶內二氧化碳及乙烯濃度變化皆無日韻律變化發生。火鶴花‘Fuego’微枝梢以7.5 µM IAA及IBA處理，其葉綠素含量及發根率高，NAA處理組則隨濃度提高，其新葉數、葉綠素含量隨之減少，發根率以2.5 µM處理較高，隨濃度提高，發根率亦隨之遞減。
火鶴花‘Tropical’經浸泡KCl後，新生捲葉有較高之誘導率為50 %，全展開新葉經浸泡CoCl2、NiCl2處理褐化率較低，KCl 皆無褐化情形發生。
火鶴花‘O2’瓶苗經浸泡金屬離子4小時後，培養一個月，顯示所有金屬離子處理組之瓶內乙烯含量皆低於對照組，但各金屬離子處理組皆呈現下位葉黃化的毒害現象發生。火鶴花‘O2’瓶苗於培養基添加0.5 µM ACC、AgCl及NiCl2處理組乙烯含量較低，CoCl2隨濃度提高而增加乙烯含量，但1.5 µM處理則會減少。超過0.5 µM金屬離子皆會造成植體毒害且會影響葉綠素含量及根部活性，並導致葉片嚴重黃化。

Anthurium seems to be low initiation in early stage by tissue culture, that should be considered biological factors and environmental factors. This study were pursued auxin, cysteine and metal ions on callus formation and plantlet quality of cut flower and pot flower varieties in Anthurium.
In terms of IBA treatments, that the main vein of rolling blade leaf and expand new leaf showed more callus initiation at 7.5 µM IBA treatment while the main vein of expand new leaf leaves induced more callus than the main vein of rolling blade leaf. Cysteine treatments did not reduce plantlet browning and callus formation, in terms of carbon dioxide and ethylene concentration did not appear rhythm. Both of 7.5 µM IAA and IBA treatment showed higher chlorophyll content and rooting rate. NAA treatments decreased number of new leave, chlorophyll content while 2.5 µM NAA treatment showed higher rooting rate but over this concentration reduced rooting rate of Anthurium ‘Fuego’ microshoot. The rolling blade leaf showed 50% callus formation after soaking KCl, the expand new leaf showed lower browning after soaking CoCl2 and NiCl2, while KCl treatment did not appear browning in Anthurium ‘Tropical’. On other hand metal ion treatments showed lower ethylene concentration of flask compared with control and appeared toxic situation of leaf in Anthurium ‘O2’ after soak up for 4 hours and 1 months. However 0.5 µM ACC, AgCl and NiCl2 treatments showed lower ethylene content, while increased CoCl2 concentration that ehance ethylene content, but decreased at 1.5 µM CoCl2 treatment. Data also showed over 0.5 µM metal ion treatment that had harmful effects and involved on chlorophyll content, root activity and lead to toxic of leave seriously in Anthurium ‘O2’ plantlet.

摘要(Abstract)..........................................i
Abstract...............................................ii
目錄(Content).........................................iii
表目次..................................................v
圖目次.................................................vi
前言(Introduction)......................................1
前人研究(Literature review)..............................2
一、火鶴花介紹..........................................2
（一）地理分布...........................................2
（二）植株特性...........................................2
（三）火鶴花之微體繁殖....................................2
二、植物生長素與細胞分裂素之生理作用及運用...................3
（一）生長素(auxin)......................................3
（二）細胞分裂素(cytokinin)...............................4
三、半胱胺酸(cysteine)在微體繁殖上的應用...................4
四、瓶內氣體對培植體生育之影響.............................5
（一）二氧化碳...........................................5
（二）乙烯...............................................6
五、金屬離子與植物生長之關係...............................8
（一）金屬離子之生理作用...................................8
（二）金屬離子與乙烯之關係................................11
（三）金屬離子之毒性作用與乙烯之關係.......................12
材料與方法(Materials and methods).......................13
試驗一、吲哚丁酸對不同葉片成熟度及不同部位癒傷組織誘導之影響..13
試驗二、半胱胺酸對火鶴花葉片誘導癒傷組織及抗褐化之影響 .......14
試驗三、植物生長素對火鶴花瓶苗促進發根之影響................16
試驗四、金屬離子對火鶴花葉片癒傷組織誘導之影響..............17
試驗五、金屬離子對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響.....................18
試驗六、含金屬離子培養基對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響..............20
結果(Results)..........................................22
一、吲哚丁酸對不同葉片成熟度及不同部位葉脈癒傷組織誘導之影響..22
（一）吲哚丁酸(IBA)對新生捲葉及全展開新葉主脈誘導率及褐化率
之影響............................................22
（二）吲哚丁酸(IBA)對新生捲葉及全展開新葉側脈誘導率及褐化率
之影響............................................22
二、半胱胺酸(Cysteine)對火鶴花葉片誘導癒傷組織及抗褐化之
影響...............................................23
（一）半胱胺酸(Cysteine)對新生捲葉及全展開新葉上主脈誘導率及
褐化率及瓶內氣體之影響..............................23
（二）半胱胺酸(Cysteine)對新生捲葉及全展開新葉中主脈誘導率及
褐化率及瓶內氣體之影響..............................24
三、植物生長素對火鶴花微枝梢促進發根之影響..................24
四、金屬離子對火鶴花葉片癒傷組織誘導之影響..................25
（一）抑制乙烯活性之金屬離子對新生捲葉及全展開新葉上主脈誘導
率及褐化率及瓶內氣體含量之影響......................25
（二）不同金屬離子對新生捲葉及全展開新葉上主脈誘導率及褐化率
及瓶內氣體含量之影響...............................26
五、金屬離子對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響.........................26
（一）抑制乙烯之金屬離子對火鶴花‘O2’瓶苗植株生育及瓶內氣體
影之響............................................26
（二）不同金屬離子對火鶴花‘O2’瓶苗植株生育及瓶內氣體之
影響..............................................27
六、抑制乙烯金屬離子及ACC培養基對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響.......28
討論(Discussion).......................................69
試驗一、吲哚丁酸(IBA)對不同葉片成熟度及不同部位葉脈癒傷組織
誘導之影響.......................................69
試驗二、半胱胺酸(Cysteine)對火鶴花葉片誘導癒傷組織及抗褐化之
影響............................................70
試驗三、植物生長素對火鶴花微枝梢促進發根之影響..............71
試驗四、金屬離子對火鶴花葉片癒傷組織誘導之影響..............72
試驗五、金屬離子對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響.....................74
試驗六、抑制乙烯金屬離子及ACC培養基對火鶴花瓶苗生育之影響....75
參考文獻(Reference).....................................78
附錄(Appendix).........................................93

王亞男. 2006. 紅檜組織培養之應用. 農業生技產業季刊5:30-34.
于清章、史國榮、魏承銀. 1998. 幾種防褐變劑對去皮切片馬鈴薯貯藏的影響. 長江蔬菜11:25-26.
江奕靜. 2015. 植物生長調節劑誘導喜樹芽體及癒傷組織形成之影響. 國立中興 大學園藝系碩士論文. 台中.
朱德民. 1993. 植物與離子逆境, p:265-298. 刊於朱德民主編. 植物與環境逆境. 明文書局. 台北.
李堂察. 1995. 重瓣夜來香切花採收後生理和貯運之研究. 國立台灣大學園藝學研究所博士論文.
何陽修、廖玉珠、陳駿季. 2003. 火鶴花種原及種苗繁殖技術. 火鶴花專刊. p. 73-93
李春一、李杰、劉秋月. 2015. Zn2+ 和Ag＋對薰衣草愈傷组織誘導的影響. 牡丹江師範學院學報1:32-33.
李玲嬌. 2008. 銀柳微體繁殖之研究. 國立宜蘭大學園藝學研究所碩士論文. 宜蘭.
林正斌、王慶裕、葉茂生. 1998. 乙烯的合成與作用及其抑制因子. 科學農業 46: 181-185.
林瑞松. 2003. 火鶴花栽培管理. 火鶴花專刊. p. 61-70.
林德承. 2010. 仙履蘭之器官培養. 國立國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文. 台中.
邱金春. 2005. 淺談硝酸銀對蕓苔屬蔬菜組織培養之影響. 豐年57(3): 49-50.
邱雯卉. 2002. 環境因子、乙烯與培養基添加物對蝴蝶蘭瓶苗品質的影響.國立國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文. 台中.
邱龍新、黃浩、陳清西. 2006. 半胱胺酸對馬鈴薯多酚氧化酶的抑制作用. 食品科學 27(4):37-40.
孟慶華、張栓. 2012. 微量元素對黃芩有效成分積累的影響. 陝西中醫學院學報 35(5):88-89.
胡忠、徐艷、高歡歡、官秀瓊. 2006. 影響寧夏枸杞愈傷组織体细胞胚發生的因素. 汕頭大學學報 21(4):57-63.
柯勇. 2006. 細胞分裂素, p. 551-580. 刊於柯勇主編. 植物生理學. 藝軒圖書出版社. 台北.
柯勇. 2006. 乙烯和離層, p. 581-616. 刊於柯勇主編. 植物生理學. 藝軒圖書出版社. 台北.
席振峰、姚光慶、項斯芬. 2000. 生物無機化學原理, p. 7-9. 刊於席振峰、姚光慶、項斯芬主編. 生物無機化學原理. 北京大學出版社. 北京.
莊耿彰、陳福旗、王昭月、謝廷芳. 2009. 生物技術於火鶴花品種開發與種苗繁殖之應用. 農業生技產業專刊 17:46-53.
莊耿彰、陳福旗. 2005. 火鶴花, p. 675-684. 刊於農委會編著. 台灣農家要覽3. 行政院農業委員會. 台灣.
財政部關務局.https://portal.sw.nat.gov.tw/APGA/GA03
高雯琪a. 2006. 培養基添加有機酸對蝴蝶蘭瓶苗生長之影響. 國立國立中興大學園藝學系碩士論文. 台中.
高景輝b. 2006. 植物荷爾蒙生理. 華香園出版社. 台北. 台灣.
孫瑞蓮、周啟星. 2006. 高等植物金屬抗性中有機酸的作用及其機理. 生態學雜誌25(10):1275-1279.
陳益明. 1988. 植物荷爾蒙-生長素與激勃素. 植物生長調節劑在園藝作物之應用研討會專集. 台中區農業改良場編印. p. 15-40.
陳劍勇. 2011. 杉木愈傷組織培養中的褐化控制研究. 亞熱帶植物科學. 40 (3): 47-49.
崔凱榮、陳克明、王曉哲. 1993. 植物體细胞胚胎發生研究的某些現狀. 植物學通報 10(3):14-19.
張紅勝、牟云官. 1991. 蘋果立體培養中玻璃化發生機理的研究. 果樹科學.2:71-74.
張海平、紹明彥、元淑娜、倪密、華水金、王學德. 2009. 幾種金屬離子對棉花愈傷誘導和分化成苗的影響. 科技通報 25(6):765-768.
楊宗翰. 2011. 紫苞舌蘭之微體繁殖. 國立國立中興大學碩士論文. 台中.
楊苑欣、陳福旗、蔡巨才. 2002. 細胞分裂素對火鶴花試管苗葉片培養再生之影響. 台灣園藝48:371-378.
聞麗、張日清. 2005. 不同激素配比對油茶花藥愈傷组織形成的影響. 經濟林研究23(4):21-231.
廖玉婉、徐善德等譯. 1999. 植物生理學. 啟英文化出版. 台北. 台灣.
蔡正宏. 2013. 鉀對作物生理及病害的影響. 台中區農業改良場102年專題討論專輯. 台中區農業改良場編印. p. 39-345.
魯劍魏、陳防、劉冬碧. 2002. 鉀素水平對油菜酶活性的影響. 中國油料作物學報24(1):61-66.
潘瑞熾、王淑美. 2008. 植物礦物營養, p. 33-66. 刊於潘瑞熾主編. 植物生理學. 藝軒出版社. 台北. 台灣.
謝春艷、賓金華、陳兆平. 1999. 多酚氧化酶及其生理功能. 生物學通報 34(6):11-13.
關軍鋒、李廣敏. 2000. 鈣在植物乙烯生成及信號傳遞中的生理作用. 植物學通報17(5):413-418.
饒立華. 1993. 植物礦質營養及其診斷. 農業出版社. 北京.
Ahvenainen, R. 1996. New approaches in improving the shelf life of minimally processed fruit and vegetable. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 7: 179-187.
Alfred, M. M. 1986. Polyphenol oxidase in plants-resent progress. Phytochemistry. 26: 11-20.
Arigita, L., A. Gonzalez, and R. S. Tames. 2002. Influence of CO2 and sucrose on photosynthesis and transpiration of Actinidia deliciosa explants in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 115: 166-173.
Armstrong, D. L. 1998. Functions of potassium in plants. Better Crops. 82(3): 4-5.
Arnaldos, T. L., R. Munoz, M. A. Ferrer, and A. A. Calderon. 2001. Changes in phenol content during strawberry (Fragaria x ananasa, cv. Chandler) callus culture. Physiol. Plant. 113:315-322.
Balakrishnan, K. 2000. Peroxidase activity as an indicator of the iron deficiency banana. J. Plant Physiol. 5: 389-391.
Benson, E. E. 2000. Special symposium: in vitro plant recalcitrance. Do free radicals
have a role in plant tissue culture recalcitrance? In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant.
36: 163-170.
Bolivar, P., G. Fischer, V. J. Florez, and A. Mora. 1999. Effect of pre- and postharvest treatments on flower longevity of ‘Ariana’ cut roses. Acta Hort. 482:83-87.
Caboni, E., Tonelli. M. G. 1999. Effect of 1,2 - Benzisoxazole-3-acid on adventition shoot regeneration and in vitro in apple. Plant Cell Reports (18)12:985-988.
Cakmak, I. 1994. Activity of ascorbate–dependent H2O2–scavenging enzymes and leaf chlorosis are enhanced in magnesium and potassium deficient leaves, but not in phosphorus deficient leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 45:1259-1266.
Chae, S. C., H. H. Kim, and S. U. Park. 2012. Ethylene inhibitors enhance shoot organogenesis of Gloxinia (sinningia speciosa ). The Scientific World Journal 2012:1-4.
Chen, J.T. and W. C. Chang. 2003. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid enhanced direct somatic embryogenesis from Oncidium leaf cultures. Biol. Plant. 46: 455-458.
Choi, J. M. and A. Latigui. 2008. Effect of various magnesium concentrations on the quantity of chlorophyll of 4 varieties of strawberry plant (Fragaria ananassas D.) cultivated in inert media. J. Agron. 7:244-250.S.A.
Christine, R., R. Florence, and R. Claude. 1996. A kinetic study of the inhibition of palmito polyphenol oxidase by L-Cysteine. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 28(4): 457-463.
Çimen, A. and Ç. ÖZzge. 2009. Micropropagation of Anthurium andraeamum from leaf explants. Pak. J. Bot. 41(3):1155-1161.
Cleland, R. E. and T. Lomax. 1977. Hormonal control of H+-excretion from oat cells. In: Marre, E. and O. Ciferri (eds). Regulation of Cell Membrane Activities in Plants. North-Holland. Amsterdam. pp. 161-171.
Compton, M. E. and J. E. Preece. 1986. Exudation and explant establishment. Newsl. Int. Assoc. Plant Tissue Cult. 50:9-18.
Compton, M. E. and J. E. Preece. 1986. Problems with explant exudation in micropropagation. Biotechnol. in Agriculture and Forestry 17:168-189.
Creasey L. L. 1968. The increase in phenylalanine ammonialyase activity in strawberry leaf disks and its correlation with flavonoid synthesis. Phytochem. (7) :441 - 446.
Croat, T.B. 1980. Flowering behavior of the neotropical genus Anthurium (Araceae). Amer. J Bot. 67:888-904.
Dhananjaya, M. V. and V. V. Sulladmath. 2006. Rapid and efficient clonal propagation of Anthurium andreanum cv. Singapore hybrid. Ind. J. Hort. 63: 59-61.
Dolan, L. 1997. The role of ethylene in the development of plant form. J. Exp. Bot. 48: 201-210.
Ericsson, T. and M. Kähr. 1995. Growth and nutrition of birch seedlings at varied relative addition rates of magnesium. Tree Physiol. 15:85-93.
Ferguson, I. B. and B. K. Drobak. 1988. Calcium and the regulation of plant growth and senescence. Hort. Science 23(2):262-266.
Fujiwara, K., S. Kira, T. Kozai, and I. Watanabe. 1987. Fundamental studies on environment in plant tissue culture vessels. 3.Measurements of carbon dioxide gas concentration on closed vessels containing tissue cultured plantlets and estimates of net photosynthetic rates of the plantlets. J. Agr. Met. 43:21-30.
Geier, T. 1987. Micorpropagation of Anthurium scherzerianum：Propagation schemes and plant conformity. Acta Hortic. 212:439-443.
Gerasopoulos, D., and B. Chebli. 1999. Effect of per and postharvest calcium applications on the vase of cut gerberas. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 74(1):78-81.
George, E. E. 1993. Plant growth regulators. In: E. E. George (eds.). Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. p.420-445. Exegetics Limited. England.
Gouk, S. S., J. He, and C. S. Hew. 1999. Changes in photosynthetic capability and carbohydrate production in an epiphytic CAM orchid plantlet exposed to super-elevated CO2. Environ. Exp.Bot. 41:216-230.
Ha nsch, R. and R. R. Mendel. 2009. Physiological functions of mineral micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe,Ni, Mo, B, Cl). Plant Biol. 12:259-266.
Hartmann, H. T. and Kester, D. E. 1983. Plant propagation : principles and practies 4th, ed. Prentice H. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Heberle-Bors, E. 1985. In vitro haploid formation from pollen: a critical review. Theor. Appl. Genent. 71:361-374.
Helper, P. K. and R. O. Wayne. 1985. Calcium and plant development. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36:397-439.
Hermans, C., G. N. Johnson, R. J. Strasser, and N. Verbruggen. 2004. Physiological characterization of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photosystems I and II. Planta 220:344-355.
Higaki, T., J.S. Lichty, and D. Moniz. 1995. Anthurium culture in Hawaii. University of Hawaii, HITAHR Res. Ext. Ser. 152.
Hossain, A.B.M. S., I. Haq, N. A. Ibrahim, and M. S Aleissa. 2016. Callus cell proliferation from broccoli leaf sliceusing IBA and BAP in vitro culture:Its biochemical and antioxidant properties. Data in Brief 6:214-220.
Huang, Y.W., Y. J. Tsai, T. C. Cheng , J. J. Chen, and F. C. Chen. 2014. Physical wounding and ethylene stimulated embryogenic stem cell proliferation and plantlet regeneration in protocorm-like bodies of Phalaenopsis orchids. Genet. Mol. Res. 13:9543-9557.
Ibrahim R. and P. C. Debergh. 2001. Factors controlling high efficiency adventitious bud formation and plant regeneration from in vitro leaf eaplant of roses (Rosa hybrida L.). Sci. Hort. 88:41-57.
Iyidogan, N. F. and A. Bayindirh. 2004. Effect of L-cysteine, kojic acid and 4- hexylresorcinol combination on inhibition of enzymatic browning in Amasya apple juice. J Food Engineering 62:299-304.
Jia, Y. B., X. E. Yang, Y. Feng, and G. Jilani. 2008. Differential response of root morphology to potassium deficient stress among rice genotypes varying in potassium efficiency. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 9(5):427-434.
Joosten, J. M. C. B. and E. J. Woltering. 1994. Components of the gaseous environment and their effects on plant growth and development in vitro. In: Lumsden, P. J., J. R. Nicholas and W. J. Davies(esd.), Physiology, Growth and Development of Plants in cultures. p.165-190. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands.
Kamemoto, H. and A. R. Kuehnle. 1996. Inheritance of Spathe and Spadix Color, p78-87. In: Kamemoto, H. and A. R. Kuehnle (eds.). Breeding anthuriums in Hawaii. University of Hawaii.
Keunen, E., K. Schellingen, J. Vangronsveld, and A. Cuypers. 2016. Ethylene and Metal Stress : Small Molecule, Big Impact Front Plant Sci. (7):1-18.
Kiferlc, C., M. Lucchesini, R. Maggini, A. Pardossi, and A. Mensuali-Sodi. 2014. In vitro culture of sweet basil: gas exchanges, growth, and rosmarinic acid production. Biol. Plant. 58:601-610.
Kim, Y. S., E. J. Hahn, E. C. Yeung, and K. Y. Paek. 2003. Lateral root development and saponin accumulation as affected by IBA or NAA in adventitious root cultures of Panax ginseng CA Meyer. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biology-Plant. 39(2): 245-249.
Kirkby, E. A. and D. J. Pilbleam. 1984. Calcium as a plant nutrient. Plant Cell Environ.7:397-405.
Korban, S. S., P. A. O’Conner and A. Elobeidy. 1992. Effects of thidiazuron, naphthaleneactic acid, dark incubation and genotype on shoot organogenesis form Malus leaves. J. Hort. Sci. 67(3):341-349.
Korkak, R. F. 1987. Iron deficiency chlorosis. Hort. Rev. 9: 133–186.
Kozai, T. 1989. Autotrophic (sugar-free) micropropagation for a significant reduction of production costs. Chronica Hort. 29(2):19-20.
Kozai, T., K. Iwabuchi, K. Watanabe, and I. Watanabe. 1991. Photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic growth of strawberry plantlets in vitro and changes in nutrient composition of the medium. Biomedical and Life Sci. 25:107-115.
Kuehnle, A. R. and N. Sugii. 1991. Callus induction and plantlet regeneration in tissue culture of Hawaiian Anthuriums. Hortic. Sci. 26:919-921.
Kumar, P. P., D. M. Reid, and T. A. Thorpe. 1987. The role of ethylene and carbon dioxide in differentiation of shoot buds in excised cotyledons of Pinus radiata in vitro. Physiol. Plant. 69:244-252.
Kumar, P. P., P. Lakshmanan, and T. A. Thorpe. 1998. Regulation of morphogenesis in plant tissue culture by ethylene. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant. 34(2):94-103.
Kumar, V., G. Parvatam, and A. Ravishankar. 2009. AgNO3 - a potential regulator of ethylene activity and plant growth modulator. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 12(2):1-15.
Lainé, E., and A. David. 1994. Regeneration of plants from leaf explants of micropropagated clonal Eucalyptus grandis. Plant Cell Rep 13:473- 476.
Laing, W., D. Greer, O. Sun, P. Beets, A. Lowe, and T. Payn. 2000. Physiological impacts of Mg deficiency in Pinus radiata: growth and photosynthesis. New Phytol. 146:47–57.
Langford, P. J., and H. Wainwright. 1998. Influence of sucrose concentration on the photosynthetic ability of in vitro grown rose shoots. Acta Hort. 227:305-310.
Lee-Espinosa, H. E., J. G. Cruz-Castillo, and B. Garcia-Rosasm. 2003. Multiple shoot proliferation and acclimatization of Midori and Kalapana Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum Lind.) cultured in vitro. Revista Fitotech. Mexica. 26: 301-307.
Li , L., F. Tutone, R. S. M. Drummond, R. C. Gardner, and S. Luan. 2001. A novel family of magnesium transport genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 13:2761-2775.
Lightbourn, G. J. and P. V. Deviprasad. 1990. In vitro techniques for rapid multiplication of four varieties of Anthurium andreanum in Jamaica. Proc. Interamerican Soc. Trop. Hort. 34:3-5.
Liu., D. H., W. S. Jiang ,and C. L. 1995. Wang. Effects of Ni2+ and Cu2+ on root growth and nucleoli of broad bean. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica . 5(4):270-275.
Liu, J. and D.M. Reid. 1992. Adventitious rooting in hypocotyls of sunflower (Heliantus annuus) seedlings. VI. The role of changes in endogenous free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 41:455-496.
Longnecker, N.1988. Iron nutrition of plants. Anim. Plants Sci. 1:143-150.
Laukkanen, H., H. Häggman, S. Kontunen-Soppela, and A . Hohtola. 1999. Tissue browning of in vitro cultures of Scots pine: Role of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Physiol. Plant. 106:337-343.
Mahanta, S. and L. Paswan. 2001. In vitro propagation of Anthurium from auxillary buds. J. Ornamental Hort. New Seri. 4:17-21.
Marcos, V. M. P, B.M. Fabrina, F. C. Ana Claudia, P. P. C. Ana Cristina, J. O.
Evelyn, and C.O.Wagner. 2013. Maturation of Anthurium andraeanum cv. Eidibel somatic embryos from nodal segments. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Plant.
49:304-312.
Martin, K.P., D. Joseph, J. Madassery, and V.J. Philip. 2003. Direct shoot regeneration from lamina explants of two commercial cut flower cultivars of Anthurium andreanum Hort. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol-Plant 39:500-504.
Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 2nd Edn. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Meijer., E. G. M. and J. Simmonds. 1988. Polyamine levels in relation to growth and somatic embryogenesis of Medicago sativa. J Ex Bot. 203:787-794.
Mensuali-Sodi, A., M. Panizza and F. Tognoni. 1995. Endogenous ethylene requirement for adventitious root induction and growth in tomato cotyledons and lavandin microcutting in vitro. Plant Growth Regul. 17:205-212.
Merhaut, D.J. 2006. Magnesium, p.145-182. In: A. V. Barker and D. J. Pilbeam (eds.). Handbook of plant nutrition. Taylor & Francis Group. Boca Raton, U.S.A.
Mohajer, S., R. M. Taha, A. Khorasani, and J. S. Yaacob. 2012. Induction of different types of callus and somatic embryogenesis in various explants of Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). AJCS 6(8):1305-1313.
Moya, C. T. and C. Gisbert. 2012. The influence of ethylene and ethylene modulators on shoot organogenesis in tomato. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 111:41-48.
Murali, T. P. and T. V. Reddy. 1993. Postharvest life of Gladiolus as influenced by sucrose and metal salt. Acta Hort. 343:313-319.
Murashige, T. 1974. Plant propagation through tissue cultures. Ann. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 25:135-166.
Nickell, L. G. 1982. Plant Growth Regulators. p.4-5.(Springer-Verlag: New York.)
Nikolic, M. and R. Kastori. 2000. Effect of bicarbonate and Fe supply on Fe nutrition of grapevine. J. Plant Nutr. 23:1619-1627.
N?rgaard, J. V. and P. Krogstrup. 1991. Cytokinin induced somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos of Abies nordmanniana Lk. Plant cell rep. 9(9):509-513.
Nour, K. A. and T. A. Thorpe. 1994. The effect of the gaseous state on bud induction and shoot multiplication in vitro in estern white cedar. Physio. Plant. 90：163-172.
Paull, R. E. 1982. Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) vase life evaluationcriteria. HortScience. 17(4):606-607.
Paull, R.E., Goo, T. 1982. Pulse treatment with silver nitrate extends vase life of anthurium. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.107:842-844
Paull, R. E. 1987. Effect of storage duration and temperature on cut Anthurium flowers. HortScience. 23(3):459-460.
Perez-Bermudez, P., M. J. Cornejo, and J. Segura. 1985. A morphgenic role for ethylene in hypocotyl cultures of Digitalis obscura L. Plant Cell Rep. 4:188-190.
Pierik, R. L. M., H. H. M. Steegmans, and J. A. J. Van Der Meys. 1974. Plantlet formation in callus tissues of Anthurium andraeanum Lind. Scientia Hort. 2: 192-198.
Poovaiah, B. W. 1988. Molecular and cellular aspects of calcium action in plants. HortScience 23:267-271.
Ruiz, J. M., M. Baghour, and L. Romers. 2000. Efficiency of the different genotypes of tomato in relation to foliar content of Fe and the response of some
bioindicators. J. Plant Nutr. 23:1777-1786.
Sandra, A. T. and M. Oropeza. 2013. Effect of culture medium consistence and silver nitrate on micropropagation of two potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars 2: 55-62.
Sanyal, I., A. K. Singh, M. Kaushik, and D. V. Amla. 2005. Agrobacteriummediated transformation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Ac gene for resistance against pod borer insect Helicoverpa armigera. Plant Sci 168:1135-1146.
Sa-Jose M. C. and A. M. Vieitez. 1992. Adventitious shoot regenertion from in vitro leaves of adult camellia reticulate. J. Hort. Sci. 67(5):667-683.
Sarropoulou, V., K. D. Theriou, and I. Therios. 2016. Effect of the ethylene inhibitors silver nitrate, silver sulfate, and cobalt chloride on micropropagation and biochemical parameters in the cherry rootstocks CAB-6P and Gisela 6. Turk. J. Biol. (in press)
Shaul, O. 2002. Magnesium transport and function in plants: the tip of the iceberg. Biometals 15:309-323.
Shin, K. S., Y. Y. Cui, M. W. Jeon, E. J. Hahn, S. Ichihashi, and K. Y. Paek. 2001. Environmental factors affect micropropagation and hydroponics culture of Phalaenopsis. Proceedings of APOC7. Nagoya. Japan.
Shoji T. 1991. Import of calcium by tomato fruit in relation to the day-night periodicity. Sci. Hort. 45:235-243.
Somaya, K. U., P. Narayanaswamy, and K. V. Jayaprasad. 1998. Micropropagation studies in Anthurium andreanum Lind. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 11:466-470.
Sun, O.J. and T.W. Payn. 1999. Magnesium nutrition and photosynthesis in Pinus radiata: clonal variation and influence of potassium. Tree Physiol. 19:535-540.
Teng, W. L. 1997. Regeneration of Anthurium adventitious shoots using liquid or raft culture. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult. 49:153-156.
Torrigiani, P., M. M. Altamura, and G. Pasqua. 1987. Free and conjugated polyamines during de novo floral vegetative bud formation in thin cell layers of tobacco . Plyhsiol Plant. 70(3):453-460.
Valero., E, R. Varon, and F. Garcia-Carmona. 1991. A kinetic study of irreversible enzyme inhibition by an inhibitor that is rendered unstable by enzymatic catalysis. Biochem. J. 277:869-874.
van Doorn, W. G., D. Zagory, and Y. de Witte. 1991. Effect of vase water bacteria on the senescence of cut carnation flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 1: 161-168.
Welander, M. 1988. Plant regeneration from leaf and stem segments of shoot raised in vitro from mature apple trees. J. Plant Physiol. 132:738-744.
Xu, C. J., H. Li, and L. Li. 2007. Phenylalanne ammonialyase(PAL) gene expression correlated with Phalaenopsis sp. leaf explant browing. J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 15: 50-54.
Yang, S. F. and N. E. Hoffman. 1984. Ethlene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plant. Annu Rev Physiol. 35:155-189.
Yang, X. L., Z. F. Hou, J. Ji, S. J. Gui, and G. Wang. 2008. Effect of culture medium and temperature on the ratio of callus of Anthurium leaf. J. Shenyang. Univ. 39: 15-18.
Yu, K. J. and K. Y. Peak. 1995. Effect of microelement levels in the media on shoot tip culture of Anthurium spp. And reestablishment of plantlets in soil. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 36:893-899.
Yong, W. T. L., J. L. J. Chang, V. Y. Thien, H. L. H. Chong, and J. O. Abdullah.
2014. Uptake and acumulation of aluminium, copper and cobalt in tissue cultured melastoma malabathricum Linn. Plantlets. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 3(8):1018-1030.
Yu, Y., L. Liu, and J. Wang. 2009. Plant tegeneration by callus-mediated protocorm-like body induction of Anthurium andreanum Hort. Agric. Sci. China. 8:572-577.
Zaid, A. 1987. Morphogenetic variation in palm embryos in vitro. Date Palm Journal
5(1):36-47.
Zhao, Y., S. H. Yang, W. Y. Ge, Q. X. Li, H. X. Chen, and H. Ge. 2010. The
metabolism of phenolics and reactive oxygen species in relation to the explants browning difference among the varieties of Phalaenopsis during the tissue culture. Acta Hortic. Sin. 37:963-970.
Zitka, O., O. Krystofova, D. Hynek, P. Sobrova, J. Kaiser, J. Sochor, J. Zehnalek, P. Babula, N. Ferrol, R. Kizek, and V. Adam. 2013. Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, India. pp.19-41.