臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文主要提出一個能應用在熱能擷取裝置上之無電池式低電壓啟動的直流對直流升壓轉換器。由於熱能所能擷取的電壓很低，而輸入電壓必須高於臨界電壓才能讓電晶體動作，因此為了讓電路能在低電壓下開始工作，傳統的電路會在啟動電路裡使用低臨界電壓電晶體。可是低臨界電壓的電晶體漏電問題比較嚴重，這可以使用一個負電壓機制去把啟動後的低臨界電壓電晶體關掉，減少損耗，提升電路效率。另外，傳統的電路會使用兩個升壓器去做兩段式升壓，把低電壓一級一級升至所需電壓；但由於被動元件較多的關係，讓晶片面積較大。解決方法可以使用震盪器先把低輸入電壓升至高於一般標準CMOS電晶體的臨界電壓，讓後續電路有足夠電力工作，再用升壓器把電壓升至所需標準電壓；這樣可以減少電感及功率電晶體，省下了不少面積。
一般電路所使用的震盪器大部份以環狀震盪器為主，主要是它比較簡單設計；但為了配合低電壓啟動及低功耗之需求，本論文使用了一個LC震盪器來代替。而由於所使用的升壓器都是以切換式轉換器為主，為了減少切換損耗，本論文提出了一個高工作週期產生器來控制脈衝頻率調變升壓器的切換頻率。量測結果顯示，在輸入200mV，輸出可逹1.1V，而整體效率可達63%。

In this dissertation, a batteryless DC-DC boost converter with a low startup voltage for thermoelectric energy harvesting applications is proposed. The harvested power from thermal energy is very low. In order to work under low voltage situation, the conventional architecture uses low threshold voltage (VTH) transistors in the startup circuit, because transistors will only work when the input voltage is greater than the threshold voltage. However, the leakage current of the low VTH transistor is large. A negative voltage generator can be used to alleviate this problem. It produces a negative voltage to switch off those low VTH transistors to reduce leakage loss and improve the circuit efficiency. Moreover, the conventional architecture uses two stages of boost converter to step-up the output voltage. This leads to a problem of large passive components, which can be solved by using the oscillator to increase the low input voltage higher than the threshold voltage of the standard CMOS transistors, ensuring the operation of the following circuits. Then, the generated voltage is boosted to a desirable level. This can reduce the number of inductors and power MOSs, saving lots of the chip area.
Most of the oscillators being used in the low startup circuits are ring oscillators because they are easier to be designed. However, in order to meet the needs of low startup voltage and low power loss, this dissertation has proposed a LC oscillator instead. Furthermore, the converter used in this dissertation is a switching converter. A high duty cycle generator will be proposed to control the switching frequency of the pulse frequency modulation (PFM) control boost converter so that its switching loss is decreased. The measurement results show that with a 200mV input, the output can be regulated at 1.1V, with 63% peak efficiency.

Contents

誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
List of Table vi
List of Figure vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Common types of energy sources at present 1
1.2 Energy harvesting 3
1.2.1 Solar energy harvesting 5
1.2.2 Vibration energy harvesting 6
1.2.3 Thermoelectric energy harvesting 6
1.3 Motivation 8
1.4 Organization of the dissertation 11
Chapter 2 Literature Review 12
2.1 Conventional two-stage low startup boost converter 12
2.2 A boost converter with external pre-charge startup voltage 13
2.3 A battery-driven thermoelectric energy harvesting system 17
2.4 A thermal harvesting system with a mechanical switch 20
2.4.1 Start block of the thermal harvesting system with a motion activated switch [22] 21
2.5 A thermal energy harvesting system with a transformer startup scheme 23
2.5.1 Self-startup transformer reuse technique 25
2.5.2 Transformer reuse technique 26
2.6 Step-up converter with capacitor pass-on scheme and VTH-tuned oscillator 29
2.6.1 Capacitor passed-on scheme 32
2.7 A step-up converter with negative voltage control technique 34
Chapter 3 Batteryless DC-DC Boost Converter for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices 36
3.1 The proposed DC-DC boost converter 36
3.2.1 LC oscillator 37
3.2.2 Voltage multiplier 41
3.2.3 Clock generator 43
3.2.4 High duty cycle generator 44
3.2.5 Hysteresis comparator 47
3.2.6 PFM control DC-DC boost converter 48
Chapter 4 Results and Comparisons 51
4.1 Simulation results 51
4.2 Experimental results and comparisons 58
Chapter 5 Conclusion 64
Bibliography 65

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