臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要

　　彎曲桿菌（Campylobacter spp.）為畜禽類腸道中的正常菌叢，廣泛存在於世界各地野生或飼養的動物身上，因其自然界宿主範圍非常廣泛，被認為是重要人畜共通傳染疾病的病原菌之一，在全球的公共衛生議題上逐漸受到重視。人類感染彎曲桿菌的原因大多與食入未煮熟的食物有關，尤其是受彎曲桿菌污染且未煮熟的肉類或未經巴斯德滅菌的生乳等。並沒有太多的研究去探討致病機制。而本研究目的為針對不同物種進行抗生素抗藥、毒素及毒力基因調查，收集來自不同種動物（鴨、鵝、豬隻及雞隻）的彎曲桿菌分離株，期望能瞭解台灣畜禽類的彎曲桿菌抗生素抗藥性、毒素及毒力基因的分佈情況，並利用基因分型方式去比較菌株之間的相關性，和探討菌株在物種間互相傳播及親緣性之情形，使得能更加了解對於彎曲桿菌為人畜共通疾病之流行病學，提供未來公共衛生學及流行病學分析之參考資料。菌株收集於2014年2月至2015年12月期間，共收集15個雞隻彎曲桿菌分離株、24個豬隻分離株、66個鴨隻彎曲桿菌分離株及73個鵝隻分離出的彎曲桿菌分離株。研究中針對ciprofloxacin、tetracycline、doxycycline、erythromycin進行藥物敏感性試驗，在毒素基因中測試了細胞致死腫脹毒素（Cytolethal distending toxin, CDT）的cdtA、cdtB、cdtC；在毒力基因的檢測方面，測試了主要參與黏附的鞭毛蛋白基因flaA、flaB，熱休克蛋白基因dnaJ、溫度調節的racR基因及溶血hcp基因。其結果抗藥性較為嚴重的ciprofloxacin、tetracycline再進行點突變測試及抗藥基因檢測，並看到在水禽方面tetracycline抗藥基因存在百分比皆高於豬隻，這可能與抗生素的使用有關係；在ciprofloxacin的點突變測試中，在四個物種間中都有高抗藥性菌株及高的點突變比率，有85%的分離株檢測到gyrA的點突變，tetracycline抗藥基因檢測上有95%分離株帶有tet(O)抗藥基因的存在。測試結果在178個樣本中帶有Cytolethal distending toxin的cdtA、cdtB及cdtC分別有84%、79%及80%的菌株檢測出毒素。致病基因方面，在鞭毛蛋白基因分別檢測有84%分離株具有flaA基因及全部的分離株皆有flaB基因，在熱休克蛋白基因方面檢測到43%分離株有dnaJ基因，溫度調節的基因方面檢測到50%分離株有racR基因，在溶血基因方面檢測到24%分離株有hcp基因；這樣的結果可以得知在台灣的彎曲桿菌在環境及生存過程中有較高的耐受性。在基因分型方面，從MLST（Multilocus sequence typing，MLST）多重位點序列分型結果中可以發現，雞隻大部分屬於ST-354CC及ST-460 CC (clonal complex)；而鴨、鵝及豬隻方面大部份分離株屬於ST-828 complex；在我的結果中看到了即使在不同的物種間中大部分歸屬在ST-828 complex，表示有較相近的親緣關係;本研究MLST結果與國外研究相比，國外的人類分離株與本研究菌株的CC是有相同的，表示之間其演化距離相近。在本研究結果顯示，在大腸彎曲桿菌及空腸彎曲桿菌的毒力抗藥性與抗藥基因之點突變需要高度關注。未來應多研究於台灣的菌株MLST方面的資料，才能提供在台彎的空腸彎曲菌和大腸彎曲桿菌之流行病學研究引用。雖然目前在台灣因彎曲桿菌造成人類重大疾病發生的研究及病例報告較少，但未來對於彎曲桿菌疫情的監控仍然是需要特別去關注的。

目次
第一章　前言 1
第二章　文獻探討 2
第一節　彎曲桿菌簡介 2
第二節　彎曲桿菌的分離與鑑定 6
第三節　彎曲桿菌的分子分型方法 9
第四節　彎曲桿菌之抗藥性現況 10
第五節　彎曲桿菌之台灣抗藥性現況 12
第六節　彎曲桿菌之毒素與毒力相關因子 13
第七節　彎曲桿菌之流行病學與公共衛生的重要性 18
第三章　材料與方法 20
第一節　樣本的來源與採樣 20
第二節　彎曲桿菌之培養分離與鑑定 21
第三節　聚合酶連鎖反應（Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR） 23
第四節　藥物敏感性試驗（Antimicrobial susceptibility testing） 24
第五節　抗藥基因之檢測 25
第六節　毒素基因之檢測 27
第七節　毒力相關因子之檢測 29
第八節　運動性試驗(Motility test) 31
第九節　多位點序列分型（Multilocus sequence typing, MLST） 32
第四章　實驗結果 34
第一節　藥物敏感性試驗 34
第二節　抗藥基因之檢測 35
第三節　毒素基因之檢測 35
第四節　毒力相關因子之檢測 35
第五節　運動性試驗 36
第六節　多重位點序列分型（Multilocus sequence typing, MLST） 36
第五章　討論 38
第一節　彎曲桿菌之抗藥性基因探討 38
第二節　彎曲桿菌之抗藥探討 39
第三節　彎曲桿菌之毒素基因探討 40
第四節　彎曲桿菌之毒力相關因子分布探討 41
第五節　彎曲桿菌之運動性探討 43
第六節　彎曲桿菌多位點序列分型之探討 43
第七節　台灣現況 45
第八節　實驗之限制 47
第六章　總結 48
參考文獻 78

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