臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

溶質在地下水中擴散分佈的狀況，深受地下水流的影響；因此，瞭解溶質在地下水中的傳輸機制是相當重要的課題。在過去的相關研究中，已將各種自然條件下的傳輸機制理論發展得非常詳盡，也將影響傳輸機制的因子清楚的描述，如：移流、延散、吸附、化學反應、生物降解等。對於地下水流場以及溶質傳輸的狀況，經常使用由美國地質調查所(USGS)所發展的MODFLOW搭配MT3D來進行一系列的地下水流，以及溶質傳輸模擬。然而，在過去的研究中，並沒有針對地表荷重所引起地層因壓密作用導致之水文參數改變，進而影響地下水流場改變之探討。
本研究之目的旨在以地下水溶質傳輸現象的變化，分析探討地下水流場因應大型建築工程，如：摩天大樓、大型桶槽、大型儲窖等，所引起地層壓密作用的變化，進而探討地下水流場因應垂直應力之影響。本研究乃利用COMSOL Multiphysics（多重物理量耦合軟體）進行區域土體因應地表重物之設置，其所造成土壤局部的壓密和土體孔隙率的改變，進而影響土壤的水力傳導係數（hydraulic conductivity），以及其造成地下水流場變化之模擬。
根據Biot（1941）提出之三維孔彈性壓密理論，針對一均質均向之孔隙介質，頂端固定載重分別為10、30、50、100（ton/m2），利用COMSOL Multiphysics軟體進行土壤壓密和孔隙率變化之模擬，得其壓密變形量後，再由壓密變形量推算土體之孔隙率，以及利用Terzaghi（1925）經驗公式計算水力傳導係數之變化。結果顯示水力傳導係數變化分別為0.92%、1.84%、2.74%及5.44%。並由於壓密作用影響後續溶質傳輸機制，使溶質傳輸流線產生偏折以及彎曲的現象。

Understanding the groundwater contaminant transport and distributing condition is an important issue for groundwater resources conservation. The solute, however, migrates along with the groundwater flow; namely, to discuss the solute transport and distribution condition in groundwater, the realization of groundwater solute transport mechanism is a necessity. In the past, certain efforts have been set on the studies for development of governing theory for groundwater solute transport under natural conditions as well as detailed description for elements affecting the transport mechanism such as advection, dispersion, adsorption, chemical reaction, bio-degradation, …, etc. For modeling and describing the groundwater flow regime and solute transport condition, the USGS MODFLOW with MT3D were the most popular numerical model being used. however, up to now, has never been setup to compile the groundwater flow while the aquifer is undergoing the consolidation process. In addition, it does not either show the locally or regionally consolidated stratum of changed hydraulic characteristics influencing the groundwater flow regime, or reflect the various condition for solute transport.

The scope of this study is inferring the changes of groundwater solute transport condition to analyze as well as verify the changes of regional groundwater flow regime, which was influenced by stratum being consolidated due to large civil construction (e.g., skyscrapers, large storage tank, large storage cavern…, etc.). The influence of vertical stress on groundwater flow regime will then be investigated. COMSOL Multiphysics will be adopted to study the change of reginal groundwater flow regime by coupled modeling of the vertical stress and solute transport. The vertical stress was caused by the weight of overburden construction on ground surface; such heavy weight induces the local soil consolidation and changes the soil body porosity, as well as changes the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.
Based on Biot’s three dimensional consolidation theory, consider a uniform homogeneous isotropy porous media. The vertical stress is 10, 30, 50 and 100 (ton/m2) respectively. Using COMSOL to calculate the total settlement and using the result to estimate the porosity after consolidation. Finally using the empirical formula that Terzaghi established in 1925 to calculate the change of hydraulic conductivity. The result shows the change of hydraulic conductivity is 0.92%, 1.84%, 2.74% and 5.44% respectively. The model of the solute transport shows the head line was curved due to consolidation and the solute was slower about an hour than unconsolidated model.

摘要 I
Extended Abstract II
誌謝 XIII
目錄 XIV
表目錄 XVI
圖目錄 XVII
符號表 XIX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機 4
1.3 研究目的 7
1.4 研究流程 7
第二章 理論方法 9
2.1 水流理論 9
2.1.1 水流控制方程式 10
2.1.2 參數推估方法 12
2.1.3 影響參數的因素 21
2.2 壓密理論 22
2.2.1 單向度壓密理論 22
2.2.2 孔彈性理論 25
2.3 溶質傳輸 28
2.3.1 溶質傳輸控制方程式 29
第三章 COMSOL Multiphysics模式介紹 33
3.1 COMSOL簡介 33
3.1.1 多孔彈性模組 33
3.1.2 達西定律模組 35
3.1.3 多孔介質中稀釋物種的傳輸模組 35
3.2 壓密模式 36
3.2.1 模式建置 36
3.2.2 壓密模式與解析解比對 38
3.3 溶質傳輸模式 42
3.3.1 模式建置 42
3.3.2 溶質傳輸模式與解析解比對 44
第四章 模擬結果與討論 53
4.1 概念模式 53
4.1.1 多孔彈性模組 53
4.1.2 達西定律模組 54
4.1.3 多孔介質中稀釋物種傳輸模組 54
4.2 受壓密後K值推估方法 54
4.3 受壓密後孔隙率推估方法 55
4.4 壓密後之沉陷量 56
4.5 壓密後之孔隙率 59
4.6 壓密後之水力傳導係數 59
4.7 壓密後溶質傳輸情形 61
4.7.1 水平面之結果 62
4.7.2 垂直剖面之結果 65
第五章 結論與建議 69
5.1 結論 69
5.2 建議 69
參考文獻 70

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