臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究比較跆拳道選手男女與雙腳動態平衡能力的差異，並利用相關及回歸統計分析造成差異的因子。受試者為25名女性及30名男性高中跆拳道選手，除了進行身高、體重、動態平衡、坐姿體前彎、垂直跳、六角敏捷與簡單視覺反應測量外，以Y字平衡測驗(Y Balance Test, YBT)評估雙腳的動態平衡能力。各比值以二因子混合設計變異數分析進行性別和雙腳之間的比較，另外再以皮爾森積差相關分析YBT數值和各體能因子的相關性，和利用逐步回歸分析找出可以預測YBT表現因子。結果顯示男子選手各YBT數值表現顯著優於女子選手，而男女選手慣用和非慣用腳YBT表現組內差異沒有顯著。YBT數值與垂直跳高度相關性最為顯著，其次為身高、年紀和六角敏捷。逐步回歸分析顯示非慣用腳YBT平均表現有40.8%的變異量可用垂直跳和年齡兩因子解釋，慣用腳YBT平均表現則有35.2%的變異量可由身高和年齡解釋。推測男子選手動態平衡表現優於女子選手的原因可能與下肢肌力及動作機制的差異有關。

This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic balance of high school taekwondo athletes. Differences between sexes and legs, in addition to the determinants that cause the difference were examined. 30 male and 25 female taekwondo athletes of high school were recruited to join this study. Each was subjected to the measurements of stature, weight, and a battery of fitness tests consisted of vertical jump, sit-and-reach, hexagon agility test, visual reaction time and the Y-balance test (YBT). Statistical significance was set at 0.05. The results showed the males perform better in the YBT than the females. Leg asymmetry of the dynamic balance was not found both in male and female players. The YBT score was significantly correlated to the vertical jump, stature, age and agility. Stepwise regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variance of the YBT score of the non-dominant leg can be explained by vertical jump and stature, and 35.2% of the variance of the YBT score of the dominant leg can be explained by stature and age. It is suggested the dissimilarities of the strength and kinematics of the lower extremities are key factors affecting the YBT performance in the male and female taekwondo players.

目次 I
表目錄 IV
圖目錄 V
中文摘要 VI
英文摘要 VII
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景 1
第二節　研究目的 4
第三節　研究假設 5
第四節　研究限制 6
第五節　名詞解釋及操作性定義 7
第二章　文獻探討 9
第一節　跆拳道的發展與技術 9
第二節　平衡能力對跆拳道選手的重要性 15
第三節　慣用腳與非慣用腳平衡能力的差異 19
第四節　男女平衡能力的差異 23
第五節　結語 26
第三章　研究方法與步驟 28
第一節　實驗對象 28
第二節　實驗方法 29
第三節　實驗步驟 30
第四節　實驗儀器與設備 32
第五節　資料處理與分析 39
第四章　研究結果 40
第一節　受試者基本資料 40
第二節　男女選手慣用腳和非慣用腳與動態平衡數值 42
第三節　選手動態平衡與其他因子之相關數值 44
第四節　雙腳YBT多元逐步回歸分析摘要表 46
第五章　討論 48
第一節　男女選手動態平衡表現差異 48
第二節　雙腳動態平衡表現是否有不對稱的現象 51
第三節　動態平衡表現與下肢傷害風險 53
第六章　結論與建議 55
第一節　結論 55
第二節　建議 56
參考文獻 57
中文部分 57
英文部分 60
附錄 67
附錄一 67
附錄二 68
附錄三 69

中文部分
中華民國體育運動總會（2010）。中華民國跆拳道協會簡介。取自http://www.rocsf.org.tw/about_us/about_us_7_page.asp?file=DB15061715111.htm
鄭家銓、牟鍾福、吳政崎（2009）。國際跆拳道聯盟與世界跆拳道聯盟談判結構之探討。臺灣體育運動管理學報，9，P135-161
汪茂鈞（2007）。跆拳道運動的起源與發展之探討。龍華科技大學學報，24，119-132。
陳銨漵、姜義村、陳科嘉（2011）。品勢項目推廣對我國跆拳道運動發展之前探究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，10(3)，190-199。
鄭雅如、趙榮瑞（2012）。世界大學新增項目：跆拳道品勢初探。大專體育(122)，9-17
鄭大為、魏香明（2009）。跆拳道技擊競賽採用電子護具計分對其競技思維的影響。大專體育(101)，122-130。
周桂名、陳維智、蔡明昌（2010）。採用 LAJUST 電子護具對跆拳道比賽影響之技術分析~以2010年亞運會初選暨亞洲盃國家代表隊選拔賽為例。競技運動，12(1)，1-9。
胡博綱、秦玉芳、陳銨漵、蘇泰源（2011）。跆拳道比賽新規則攻擊動作技術分析之研究。運動研究，20(2)，15-23。
劉昭晴、相子元（1997）。跆拳道比賽男，女得分動作之成績分析。中華體育季刊，11(1)，88-96。
陳志文、秦玉芳、相子元（2004）。跆拳道新規則對上端攻擊動作之得分與違規型態之研究。大專體育學刊，6(1)，149-162。
胡名霞、何浩君、王傑賢（2005）。大專優秀運動選手平衡能力之比較研究。物理治療，30(1)，33-40。
吳唯平、王令儀（2012）。運動與平衡。政大體育研究，(21)，73-89。
王政嘉、黎俊彥（2011）。不穩定表面訓練對姿勢穩定控制之效益。中華體育季刊，25(3)，471-477。
江勁政、江勁彥、相子元（2004）。體操選手與非運動員平衡能力之定量評估。大專體育學刊，6(1)，203-212。
林威秀、黎俊彥（2009）。身體姿勢平衡控制與踝關節傷害發生風險。中華體育季刊，23(1)，65-72。
陳瑞嘉（2006）。跆拳道運動傷害及過度訓練的預防。運動生理暨體育學報(5)，19-28。
劉昭晴、彭鈞渝（2010）。跆拳道選手運動傷害之探討。中華人文社會學報(12)，84-94。
傅鈺雯（1998）。跆拳道的運動傷害-撞傷。大專體育(40)，128-1991。
黃柏憲、蔡忠昌（2013）。青少年空手道選手男女及左右腳動態平衡能力之比較。彰化師大體育學報，(12)，46-57。
莊泰源（2006）。支撐腳穩定度對足球定位踢球準確性之相關研究。運動生理暨體能學報，(4)，117-128。
張乃云（2009）。青少年動態平衡之探討：以Star Excursion Balance Test評估。國立體育大學運動保健學系碩士論文。
英文部分
Adlerton, A. K., & Moritz, U. (1996). Does calf‐muscle fatigue affect standing balance? Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 6(4), 211-215.
Alonso, A. C., Brech, G. C., Bourquin, A. M., & Greve, J. M. D. A. (2011). The influence of lower-limb dominance on postural balance. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 129(6), 410-413.
Ambegaonkar, J. P., Mettinger, L. M., Caswell, S. V., Burtt, A., & Cortes, N. (2014). Relationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance in collegiate female athletes. International journal of sports physical therapy, 9(5), 604.
Berg, K., Wood-Dauphine, S., Williams, J., & Gayton, D. (1989). Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada, 41(6), 304-311.
Bressel, E., Yonker, J. C., Kras, J., & Heath, E. M. (2007). Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. Journal of athletic training, 42(1), 42.
Butler, R. J., Lehr, M. E., Fink, M. L., Kiesel, K. B., & Plisky, P. J. (2013). Dynamic Balance Performance and Noncontact Lower Extremity Injury in College Football Players An Initial Study. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 5(5), 417-422.
Barone, R., Macaluso, F., Traina, M., Leonardi, V., Farina, F., & Di Felice, V. (2011). Soccer players have a better standing balance in nondominant one-legged stance. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 2, 1.
Capranica, L., Cama, G., Fanton, F., Tessitore, A., & Figura, F. (1992). Force and power of preferred and non-preferred leg in young soccer players. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 32(4), 358-363.
Clark, R. C., Saxion, C. E., Cameron, K. L., & Gerber, J. P. (2010). Associations between three clinical assessment tools for postural stability. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 5(3), 122.
Čular, D., Krstulović, S., Katić, R., Primorac, D., & Vučić, D. (2013). Predictors of fitness status on success in taekwondo. Collegium antropologicum, 37(4), 1267-1274.
Chimera, N. J., Smith, C. A., & Warren, M. (2015). Injury History, Sex, and Performance on the Functional Movement Screen and Y Balance Test.
Chew-Bullock, T. S., Anderson, D. I., Hamel, K. A., Gorelick, M. L., Wallace, S. A., & Sidaway, B. (2012). Kicking performance in relation to balance ability over the support leg. Human Movement Science, 31(6),1615-1623.
Del Percio, C., Brancucci, A., Bergami, F., Marzano, N., Fiore, A., Di Ciolo, E., . . . Iacoboni, M. (2007). Cortical alpha rhythms are correlated with body sway during quiet open-eyes standing in athletes: a high-resolution EEG study. Neuroimage, 36(3), 822-829.
Dwyer, M. K., Boudreau, S. N., Mattacola, C. G., Uhl, T. L., & Lattermann, C. (2010). Comparison of lower extremity kinematics and hip muscle activation during rehabilitation tasks between sexes. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(2), 181-190.
Ericksen, H., & Gribble, P. A. (2012). Sex differences, hormone fluctuations, ankle stability, and dynamic postural control. Journal of athletic training, 47(2), 143.
Fong, S. S., Fu, S. n., & Ng, G. Y. (2012). Taekwondo training speeds up the development of balance and sensory functions in young adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 64-68.
Gribble, P. A., Robinson, R. H., Hertel, J., & Denegar, C. R. (2009). The effects of gender and fatigue on dynamic postural control. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 18(2), 240.
Gstöttner, M., Neher, A., Scholtz, A., Millonig, M., Lembert, S., & Raschner, C. (2009). Balance ability and muscle response of the preferred and nonpreferred leg in soccer players. Motor Control, 13(2), 218-231.
Gribble, P. A., & Hertel, J. (2003). Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Measurement in physical education and exercise science, 7(2), 89-100.
Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Rauh, M. J., Kiesel, K., & Plisky, P. J. (2012). Differences in dynamic balance scores in one sport versus multiple sport high school athletes. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7(2), 148-153.
Horlings, C. G., van Engelen, B. G., Allum, J. H., & Bloem, B. R. (2008). A weak balance: the contribution of muscle weakness to postural instability and falls. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology, 4(9), 504-515.
Hrysomallis, C. (2007). Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports Medicine, 37(6), 547-556.
Harput, G., Soylu, A. R., Ertan, H., Ergun, N., & Mattacola, C. G. (2014). Effect of gender on the quadriceps-to-hamstrings coactivation ratio during different exercises. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 23(1), 36-43.
Ji, M. (2016).Analysis of injuries in taekwondo athletes.Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(1), 231.
Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Wilmore, J. H. (2012). Physiology of Sport and Exercise (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Kim, K., Cha, Y. J., & Fell, D. W. (2011). The effect of contralateral training: Influence of unilateral isokinetic exercise on one-legged standing balance of the contralateral lower extremity in adults. Gait & Posture, 34(1), 103-106.
Leong, H.-T., Fu, S. N., Ng, G. Y., & Tsang, W. W. (2011). Low-level Taekwondo practitioners have better somatosensory organisation in standing balance than sedentary people. European journal of applied physiology, 111(8), 1787-1793.
Lee, D. K., Kim, G. M., Ha, S. M., & Oh, J. S. (2014). Correlation of the Y-balance test with lower-limb strength of adult women. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(5), 641-643.
Lee, M., & Carroll, T. J. (2007). Cross education: possible mechanisms for the contralateral effects of unilateral resistance training. Sports Medicine, 37(1), 1-14.
Mendiguchia, J., Ford, K. R., Quatman, C. E., Alentorn-Geli, E., & Hewett, T. E. (2011). Sex differences in proximal control of the knee joint. Sports Medicine, 41(7), 541-557.
McKean, M. R., & Burkett, B. J. (2012). Does segment length influence the hip, knee and ankle coordination during the squat movement? Journal of Fitness Research, 1(1), 23-30.
Myer, G. D., Sugimoto, D., Thomas, S., & Hewett, T. E. (2013). The influence of age on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(1), 203-215.
Taube, W. (2012). neurophysiological Adaptations in response to Balance Training. deuTScHe ZeITScHrIfT fÜr SporTmedIZIn, 63(9).
Tracey, S.-Y., Anderson, D. I., Hamel, K. A., Gorelick, M. L., Wallace, S. A., & Sidaway, B. (2012). Kicking performance in relation to balance ability over the support leg. Human movement science, 31(6), 1615-1623.
Temfemo, A., Hugues, J., Chardon, K., Mandengue, S.-H., & Ahmaidi, S. (2009). Relationship between vertical jumping performance and anthropometric characteristics during growth in boys and girls. European Journal of Pediatrics, 168(4), 457-464.
McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(2), 282.
Mickle, K. J., Munro, B. J., & Steele, J. R. (2011). Gender and age affect balance performance in primary school-aged children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(3), 243-248.
McGuine, T. A., & Keene, J. S. (2006). The effect of a balance training program on the risk of ankle sprains in high school athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 34(7), 1103-1111.
Noh, J.-W., Park, B.-S., Kim, M.-Y., Lee, L.-K., Yang, S.-M., Lee, W.-D., Shin, Y.-G., Kin, J.-H., Lee, J.-U., Kwak, T.-Y., Lee, T.-H., Kin, J.-Y., Park, J., Kin, J. (2015). Analysis of combat sports players’ injuries according to playing style for sports physiotherapy research.Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(8), 2425.
Nolan, L., Grigorenko, A., & Thorstensson, A. (2005). Balance control: sex and age differences in 9-to 16-year-olds. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 47(07), 449-454.
Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 4(2), 92.
Riemann, B. L., & Davies, G. J. Limb, Sex, and Anthropometric Factors Influencing Normative Data for the Biodex Balance System SD Athlete Single Leg Stability Test. System, 4, 14-16.
Riemann, B. L., & Lephart, S. M. (2002). The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability. Journal of athletic training, 37(1), 71.
Smith, A., Ulmer, F., & Wong, D. (2012). Gender differences in postural stability among children. Journal of human kinetics, 33, 25-32.
Sannicandro, I., Cofano, G., Rosa, R. A., & Piccinno, A. (2014). Balance training exercises decrease lower-limb strength asymmetry in young tennis players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 397.
Zech, A., Hubscher, M., Vogt, L., Banzer, W., Hansel, F., & Pfeifer, K. (2010). Balance training for neuromuscular control and performance enhancement: a systematic review. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(4), 392-403.