臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之主要目的為比較內在專注焦點與外在專注焦點指導語，對於網球之發球效益。研究採用9名優秀之大學網球運動員為研究對象（球齡：10.9±1.9歲、年齡：20.8±1.5歲、身高：175.6±5.3公分、體重：71.8±8.4公斤），隨機以內在專注焦點與外在專注焦點的方式，進行5次的網球平擊式第一發球，並收集其發球準確度（離心誤差）、落點穩定性（變異誤差）、平均發球速度、最大發球速度與進球率等參數；所有參數經重複量數單因子變異數分析後，結果顯示：以內在專注焦點與外在專注焦點發球之進球率與球速並無顯著差異（ps > .05），然而以外在專注焦點進行發球之離心誤差（115.3 ± 33.9公分）則顯著小於內在專注焦點（135.4 ± 23.5公分）的方式，F(1, 8) = 5.91, p = .04, 2 = .425。此外，於球速分析，結果發現，以外在專注焦點進行最大發球速度之變異誤差（82.1 ± 48.9公分）顯著小於內在專注焦點（153.0 ± 55.7公分）方式，F(1, 8) = 7.59, p = .025, 2 = .487。本研究顯示優秀網球運動員之發球速度和進球率，雖然未受專注焦點而改變，然而外在專注焦點的方式可提升網球發球之準確度和落點穩定性。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of using internal and external focus instruction on tennis serves. Study participants were 9 male college excellent tennis players (age of 20.±1.5 years, height of 175.6±5.3 cm, weight of 71.8±8.4 kg). All participants which were assigned randomly to either an internal (INT) or external (EXT) focus of attention group completed 5 tennis flat serves. Therefore, the parameters of serve speed, accuracy, and serve-in percentage were recorded. This study utilized one-way ANOVA, with an alpha level of .05 to analyze the data. The results showed that these two attention methods had no significant difference on serve-in percentages and speed. However, the external focus of attention had significant difference on average of serving radial error. In addition, the external focus method also had a significant difference on the variable error of the highest speed serve. The results suggested that providing instruction of external focus could enhance accuracy of tennis serve compared with instruction of internal focus.

目錄 i
表目錄 iii
圖目錄 iv
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 問題背景 1
第二節 研究問題與假說 3
第三節 研究範圍與限制 4
第四節 名詞解釋與操作性定義 5
第五節 研究的重要性 7
第貳章 文獻探討 8
第一節 內、外在專注焦點 8
第二節 專注焦點對精準度、肌肉活動性、最大肌力的影響 11
第三節 網球發球重要性及技術分析 13
第四節 總結 15
第參章 研究方法 16
第一節 實驗參與者 16
第二節 實驗工作 17
第三節 實驗器材與設備 18
第四節 實驗設計與流程 21
第五節 資料處理與分析 26
第肆章 結果與討論 27
第一節 發球速度分析 28
第二節 發球準確度、落點穩定性分析 30
第三節 綜合討論 33
第伍章 結論與建議 36
第一節 結論 36
第二節 建議 37
參考文獻 38
中文部分 38
英文部分 38

中文部分
王鶴森、林偉毅、趙曉涵（2005）。網球發球落點與技術相關表現之研究：以2004年美國網球公開賽男子單打賽為例。中華民國體育學報，384，109-120。
江勁政、江勁彥、湯文慈（2011）。男子網球運動員第一發球與第二發球持拍臂之運動學分析。臺灣體育學術研究，50，45-60。
范姜文妏、王嬿婷、黎俊彥（2012）。網球發球動作與肌群收縮調控。臺灣體育論壇，5，43-51。
黃可欣（2013）。注意焦點及工作難度對飛鏢投擲之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。
張詩銓（2010）。六週懸吊式不穩定運動訓練對網球運動員專項體能與運動表現之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。
劉錦璋、張凱隆（2012）。網球發球優勢的意義與應用。屏東教大體育，15，221-229。

英文部分
Al-Abood, S. A., Bennett, S. J., Hernandez, F. M., Ashford, D., & Davids, K. (2002). Effects of verbal instructions and image size on visual search in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 271-278.
Chiviacowsky, S., Wulf, G., & Ávila, L. (2012). An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 627-34.
Loshse, K. R., Sherwood, D. E., & Healy, A.F. (2010). How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human Movement Science, 29, 542-555.
Marchant, D. C., Greig, M., & Scott, C. (2009). Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 2358-2366.
Porter, J. M, Ostrowski, E. J., Nolan, R. P., & Wu, W. F. W. (2010). Standing long-jump performance is enhanced when using an external focus of attention. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 1746-1750.
Porter, J. M, Ostrowski, E. J., Nolan, R. P., & Wu, W. F. W. (2011). Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances standing long jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26, 2389-2393.
Porter, J. M, Anton, P. M, Wikoff, N. M., & Ostrowski, J. B. (2013). Instructing skilled athletes to focus their attention externally at greater distances enhances jumping performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27, 2073-2078.
Vance, J., Wulf, G., Töllner, T., Mcnevin, B. H., & Mercer, J. (2004). EMG activity as a function of the performances’focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36, 450-459.
Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning. A review of 10 years of research. E-Journal Bewegung and Training, 1, 4-14.
Wulf, G.,& Su, J. (2007). External focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 257-264.
Wulf, G. (2013). Attention and motor learning: A review of 15 years of research. International review of sport and Exercise. 6, 77-104
Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., & Bezodis, N. (2005). Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as a result of adopting an external of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 304-309.