臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

甜菜(Beta vulgaris)為藜科(Chenopodiaceae)甜菜屬(Beta)，草本植物，富含維生素、甜菜素、葉酸和礦物質鐵、碘、鎂等營養保健食物。甜菜素具有抗發炎、清除自由基、抗癌和抗氧化活性預防神經性疾病等藥理活性。甜菜素作為植物保護的次生代謝物質，可以提高植物抗病菌的能力。薑科植物之薑黃、月桃、 閉鞘薑、球薑及葛鬱金科植物粉薯等為天然香辛植物性藥材，其藥理活性主要為健胃整腸及促進食慾，亦具有抗癌、抗發炎、抗氧化之作用。本研究以紅甜菜根為材料，細分其皮和肉部位。以分配層析架構分別將甜菜根皮和肉之甲醇萃取物和薑黃、月桃、閉鞘薑、球薑和葛鬱金(粉薯)根部取得樣品材料，進行分析其於不同溶劑MeOH、EtOAC、n-BuOH及Water萃取物之生物抗氧化活性。及甜菜根皮之對植物病原細菌的抑菌活性。實驗結果顯示，總酚含量中以甜菜根皮n-BuOH萃取物為647.04 μg/mL較佳；薑科植物的MeOH萃取物，以薑黃968.36 μg/mL、月桃978.87 μg/mL較佳；總類黃酮含量甜菜根n-BuOH萃取物甜菜根皮為64.05 μg/mL，薑科植物以球薑含量120.87 μg/mL較高。甜菜根皮n-BuOH萃取物之DPPH清除自由基抑制率為95.47%，甜菜根肉抑制率87.68%。薑科植物之MeOH萃取物薑黃95.16%、月桃95.72%較佳。甜菜根皮的清除DPPH自由基能力高於甜菜根肉，n-BuOH高於MeOH之萃取率。甜菜根皮之抑菌活性，於250 μg/mL濃度下MeOH提取物對Cidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (瓜類細菌性果斑病)和 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (柑桔潰瘍病)其抑制圈分別有2.7 mm、2.0 mm，Water萃取物對Burkholderia gladioli (文心蘭細菌性葉斑病) 抑制圈為2.3 mm。本實驗整體而言，甜菜根以n-BuOH萃取物其抗氧化生物活性最高，甜菜根皮的效果高於甜菜根肉。薑科植物萃取物以薑黃和月桃根部之抗氧化生物活性最佳。甜菜根皮之抑菌活性MeOH萃取物效果較好。

Beta vulgaris, belongs to Betas, the Chenopodiaceae family which is one kind of biennial herbs. It is rich in nutrition such as vitamins, betalain, folic acid and minerals of iron, iodine and magnesium. Betalain has anit-inflammation, free radical scanaging, anti-cancer, and anit-Oxdiant Pharmacological activity. Beta vulgaris, as Secondary Metabolites to protect plants, can enhance the abilities of plants to fight germs. Ziniberaceae such as Curcuma longa, Alpinia zerumbet, Costus speciosus, Zingiber zerumbet and Marantaceae of Maranta arundinacea are all natural spices botanicals whose pharmacological activity includes not only being beneficial to the stomachs and intestines and stimulating the appetite but also having anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The study is based on red beet root, dividing into peel and pulp parts. The MeOH extracting from beet root peel and pulp by partition chromatography framework is combined with. C. longa, A. zerumbet, C. speciosus, Z. zerumbet and M. arundinacea root, analyzing biological antioxidant activity in different solvents extract such as MeOH, EtOAC, n-BuOH and Water. In addition, this trial detectes plant pathogenic bacteria antibacterial activity on peel of B. vulgaris. The results suggested that n-BuOH extract content on peel of B. vulgaris was 647.04 μg/mL and showed better total phenolic content as compared with other treatments. In Zingiberaceae, MeOH extract content of C. longa and A. zerumbe was 978.87 μg/mL and 968.36 μg/mL, respectively. The peel of B. vulgaris n-BuOH extract content was 64.05 μg/mL and Z. zerumbet was 120.87 μg/mL. Both treatments showed higher total flavonoids contents.
As compared with DPPH free radical scavenging inhibition ratio, the n-BuOH extract on peel 95.47% better than pulp 87.68% in B. vulgaris. Moreover, MeOH extracts of C. longa 95.72% and A. zerumbet 95.16%, both treatments showed better DPPH free radical scavenging inhibition rate in Zingiberaceae. The n-BuOH extract ration was higher as compared with solvent of MeOH. As compared with antimicrobial activity, the result showed that MeOH solvent 250 μg/mL of B. vulgaris pulp, inhibition zones were 2.7 mm and 2.0 mm for Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, respectively. In addition, water solvent inhibition zone was 2.3 mm for Burkholderia gladioli. Overall, this study suggested that n-BuOH extract of B. vulgaris presented the highest antioxidant biological activity and peel had better effects than pulp in B. vulgaris. As compared with antioxidant bioactivity, root extracts of C. longa and A. zerumbet showed best bioactivity in Zingiberaceae. The MeOH solvent of beet root peel showed better antibacterial activity in this trial.

目錄
中文摘要.....................................................................................................I
英文摘要....................................................................................................III
謝誌............................................................................................................V
目錄............................................................................................................VI
圖表目錄....................................................................................................IX
壹、前言.....................................................................................................1
貳、文獻回顧.............................................................................................3
一、植物簡介.........................................................................................3
(一)甜菜........................................................................................3
(二)葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物.............................................3
二、植物之化合物組成分..........................................................................5
(一)甜菜.......................................................................................5
(二)葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物............................................6
三、植物的抑菌活性.........................................................................8
(一)甜菜....................................................................................8
(二)葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物………………………............8
四、植物之藥理活性........................................................................8
(一)甜菜...................................................................................8
(二)葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物………………………………...9
五、自由基與抗氧化…………………………………………………....11
(一)人體之抗氧化防禦系統………………………………….....12
(二)DPPH自由基清除活性………………………………………..13
參、材料與方法……...………………………………………………...15
一、試驗材料……………………………………………………....15
(一)材料來源……………………………………………….....15
(二)試劑與溶劑……………………...………………………..15
(三)儀器設備………………………...…………………………..16
二、樣品製備……………………………...…………………………….16
(一)甜菜根…………………………...…………………………..16
(二)葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物………………………………..16
三、生物活性試驗方法…………………………………………………17
(一)溶劑選取…………………………………………………….17
(二)實驗架構...…………………………………………………..18
(三)檢品備製…………………………………………………….20
(四)分析條件…………………………………………………….21
四、統計方法……………………………………………………………25
肆、結果………………………………………………………………..26
一、甜菜根…......……………………………………………………...26
(一)總酚試驗分析………...…...………………………………....26
(二)總類黃酮試驗分析…...……………………………………...26
(三)清除DPPH自由基之能力分析…………………...…...…...27
(四)抑菌活性試驗分析………………...……………...…….......30
二、葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物…………………………………...35
(一)總酚試驗分析………………………………………………...35
(二)總類黃酮試驗分析…………………………………………...35
(三)清除DPPH自由基之能力分析……………………………..36
伍、討論………………………………………………………...……........39
一、紅甜菜根生物活性………………….…………………………39
二、葛鬱金(粉薯)及數種薑科植物生物活性……...……...……...….40
陸、結論……………………………………………………………………41
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………42
附圖…………………………………………………………………………54
作者簡介……………………………………………………………………60

丁頌勳 (1960) 紅甜菜治療癌腫。上海中醫藥雜誌5: 238。
中國科學院中國植物志編辑委員會 (1981) 中國植物志。北京科學出版社，北京，中國。p.148-152。
王升陽、徐麗芬、楊寧蓀 (2003) 藥用及保健植物。科學發展364: 50-55。
王長泉、劉濤、王寶山 (2006) 植物甜菜素研究進展。植物學通報23(3): 302-311。
王春麗、張琳、祖元剛 (2011) 紅甜菜甜菜紅素降血脂作用的實驗研究。中國食品工業6: 12-14。
王旗、王夔 (2003) 薑黃素的代謝研究。藥理學通報19(10): 1097-1101。
包曉瑋、常永志、朱今芳 (2011) 南瓜及紅甜菜多糖對小鼠免疫功能的影響。食品研究與開發 (8): 126-129。
李忠瓊、傅文、林瑞超、王鋼力、魏鋒和杭太俊 (2001) 閉鞘薑屬植物化學成分及其藥理研究概況。中藥材24(2) : 148-150。
吳則東、張文彬、吳玉梅 (2015) 紅甜菜的特殊功效及應用。中國糖料37(2): 68-70。
周芹、吳玉梅、胡曉航、倪洪濤 (2008) 比色法測定甜菜块根中甜菜碱含量。中國糖料4: 27-30。
林宜信 (2002) 台灣常用藥用植物圖鑑第三冊。 行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會。台北，台灣。
邱善美、劉慧瑛、朱戩良 (1993) 薑黃之生長與發育，根莖之行成及各次位分生子莖之成分分析。中華農業研究42(2): 154-161。
祖元剛、楊慧潔、張琳 (2011) 紅甜菜鮮汁抗疲勞做用的實驗研究。食品科學1: 215-217。
陳玉芳 ( 2009) 月桃根萃取物的抗氧化活性研究。傳統醫學雜誌，台灣20(1): 123 - 132。
陳惠英、顏國欽 (1998) 自由基、抗氧化防禦與人體健康。Nutritional Sciences Journal 23(1): 105-121。
陳義男 (2008) 台灣薑科植物資源之調查與利用。國立台灣大學生物資源暨農學院園藝學系博士論文。p. 97-99。
許詩淵 (1998) 月桃根莖成分對於各種胃及十二指腸損傷之保護作用。 中國醫藥研究所，中華藥學雜誌40: 41- 48。
郭育妏、呂服原、杜明宏、鄧書麟 (2005 )民族植物月桃之藥用潛力。自然保育季刊50: 28-31。
張森松 (2004) 月桃。高雄農情月刊76(01)：8-8。
張森松 (1998) 粉薯。高雄農情月刊15(12)：6-6。
溫廣宇、朱文學 (2003) 天然植物色素的提取與開發應用。河南科技大學學報 (農學版) 23(2): 68-74。
焦建忠 (2012) 甜菜的生長特點及生育特性。黑龍江科技信息31: 260-260。
楊恭毅 (1985) 氏園藝植物大名典第3、4、6、9 冊。中國花卉雜誌社， 臺北，台灣。
楊晶、許慶軒、周芹、吳玉梅、閻靜 (2010) 糖用甜菜抗氧化性研究。中國糖料1: 30-31。
蔡葆、張文彬、徐艷麗 (2010) 中國甜菜產業發展與遠景透視。中國甜菜糖業3: 37-41。
鄔隨煥、王雲山 (2013) 薑黃素研究進展。數理醫藥學雜誌26(3): 359-360。
劉宁彰、黃广民、吳蕊 (2013) 分光光度法測定竹芋粉中總還原糖含量。食品安全質量検测學報4(3): 806-812。
盧秉福、耿貴、周豔麗 (2008) 甜菜紅素的加工與利用。中國甜菜糖業1: 40-42。
謝宜仁 (1993) 月桃葉部精油成分之研究。中原大學化學研究所碩士論文。
簡廷易 (2009) 紅球薑消炎、止痛之活性成分研究。台北醫學大學藥學系博士論文。
簡廷易 (2015) 球薑酮合併抗癌藥對抑制肝癌細胞生長之評估。民生論叢11: 91-97。
Abdel-Hameed, E. S. ( 2009) Total phenolic contents and radical and free radical scavenging activity of certain Egyptian Ficus species leaf samples. Food Chem. 114: 1271-1277.
Abdelwahab, S. I., A. B. Abdul, Z. N. Zain, and A. H. Hadi (2012) Zerumbone inhibits interleukin-6 and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ovarian and cervial cancer cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 12(4): 594-602.
Allegra, M., P. G. Furtmuller, W. Jantschko, M. Zederbauer, L. Tesoriere, M. A. Livrea, and C. Obinger (2005) Mecjanism of interaction of betain and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 332: 837-844.
Ammon, H. P. T. and M. A.Wahl (1991) Pharmacology of Curcuma Longa. Planta Medica 57: 1-7.
Bavec, M., M. Turinek, S. Grobelnik-Mlakar, A. Slatnar, and F. Bavec (2010) Influence of industrial and alternative farming systems on contents of sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Rote Kugel). J. Agric. Food Chem. 58: 11825-31.
Bisht, S., G. Feldmann, S. Soni, R. Ravi, C. Karikar, and A. Maitra (2007) Polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin ("nanocurcumin")：A novel strategy for human cancer therapy. J. Nanobiotecg. 5(1): 1-18.
Bobek, P., S. Galbavy and M. Mariassyova (2000) The effect of red beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) fiber on alimentary hypercholesterolemia and chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Food Nahrung. 44(3): 184-187.
Bolkent, S., R. Yanardag, A. Tabakoglu-Oguz, and ö. Ozsoy-Sacan (2000) Effects of chard (Beta vularis L. var. cicla) extract on pancreatic B cells in streptozotocindiabetic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73: 251-259.
Bown, D. (2001) New encyclopedia of herbs and their uses. New York.
Burns, J., P. T. Gardner, J. O'Neil, S. Crawford, I. Morecroft, D. B. McPhail, C. Lister, D. Matthews, M. R. MacLean, M.E. J. Lean, G. G. Duthie, and A. Crozier (2000) Relationship among antioxidant activity, vasodilation capacity, and phenolic content of red wines. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 220-230.
Cai, Y. Z., M. Sun, and H. Corke (2005) HPLC characterization of betalains from plants in the Amaranthaceae. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 43: 454-460.
Chai, W. and M. Liebman (2005) Effect of different cooking methods on vegetable oxalate content. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 3027-30.
Chattopadhyay, I., K. Biswas, U. Bandyopadhyay, and R. K. Banerjee (2004) Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications. P India As Chem. Sci. 87(1): 44-53.
Choi, H., Y. S. Chun, S. W. Kim, M. S. Kim, and J. W. Park (2006) Curcumin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 by degrading aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator: A mechanism of tumor growth inhibition. Mol. Pharmacol. 70(5): 1664-1671.
Corbishley, D.A. and W. Miller (1984) Tapioca, arrowroot, and sago starches production. p.476-477. In: Starch Chemistry and Technology, 2nd ed. RL Whistler, JN Bemiller, EF Paschall (eds.) Academic Press, New York.
Cotelle, N., J. L. Bermier, J. P. Catteau, J. Pommery, J. C. Wallet, and E. M. Gaydou (1996) Antioxidant properties of hydroxy-flavones. Free Radic Biol Med. 20(1): 35-43.
Dai, J. R., J. H. Cardellina, J. B. Mcmahon, and M. R. Boyd (1997) Zerumbone, an HIV-inhibitory and cytotoxic sesquiterpene of Zingiber aromaticum and Z. zerumbet. Nat. Prod. Lett. 10: 115-118.
Z., Durackova (2010) Some current insights into oxidative stress. Physiological Research 59(4): 459-469.
Formica, J. V. and W. Regelson (1995) Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem. Toxic. 33:1061-1080.
Gao, Y., N. Tao, Y. Liu, F. Ge, and B. Feng (2010) Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the peel of Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco). J. Essemt. Oil Bearomg. Plant 13: 230-236.
Gennari, L., M. Felletti, M. Blasa, D. Angelino, C. Celeghini, and A. Corallini (2011) Total extract of Beta vulgaris var. cicla seeds versus its purified phenolic components: antioxidant activities and antiproliferative effects against colon cancer cells. Phytochem. Anal. 22: 272-9.
Green, M. J. and H. A. O. Hill (1984) Chemistry of dioxygen. Methods Enzymol. 105: 3-22.
Guil, J. L., I. Rodriguez-Garcial, and E. Torija (1997) Nutritional and toxic factors in selected wild edible plants. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 51: 99-107.
Halliwell, B. and J. M. C. Gutteridge (1989) Free tadicals, ageing and disease. In "Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, ed. by B. Halliwell, and J.M.C. Gutteridgr, Chart.8. p.484-487. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Halliwell, B., M. A. Murcia, S. Chirico, and O. I. Aruoma (1995) Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 35: 7-20.
Halliwell, B. (1994) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet. 344 (8924), 721-724.
Harman, D. (1962) Role of free radical in mutation, cancen, aging, and the maintenance of life. Radiat. Res. 16: 753-763.
Hiroe, K., T. Shoko, and N. Nobuij (2001) Phenylbutanoid dimmer from the leave of Alpinia flabellate. Phytochemistry 56:109-114.
Hobbs, D. A., N. Kaffa, and T. W. George ( 2012) Blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and novel beetroot-enriched bread products in normotensive male subjects[J]. Br. J. Nutr. 108(11): 2066-2074.
Jelena, V., ̌C.B. Jasna, C. Gordana, T. Vesna, D. Sonja, C.S. Dragana, and C. Vladimir (2012) Antioxidant and cell growth activities of beet root pomace extracts. J. Funct. Foods 4: 670-678.
Kähkönen, M. P., A. I. Hopia, H. J. Vuorela, K. Rihlaja, T. S. Kujala, and M. Heinonen (1999) Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 3954-3962.
Kapadia, G. J. and G. S. Rao (2012) Anticancer effects of red beet pigments. Red Beet Biotechnology: Springer Science+Business Media, N. Y. p: 125-154.
Kapadia, G. J., M. A. Azuine, and R. Sridhar (2003) Chemoprevention of DMBA-induced UV-B promoted, NOR-1-induced TPA promoted skin carcinogenesis, and DEN-induced phenobarbital promoted licer tumors in mice by extract of beetroot. Pharmacol. Res. 47(2): 141-148.
Kawamori, T., R. Lubet, L. E. Steele, G. J. Kelloff, R. B. Kaskey and C. V. Rao (1999) Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the romotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 59(3): 597-601.
Keong, Y. S., N .B. Alitheen, S. Mustafa, S. Abdul Aziz, M. Abdul Rahman, and A.M. Ali (2010) Immunomodulatory effects of zerumbone isolated from roots of Zingiber zerumbet. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(1): 75-82.
Kugler, F., F.C. Stintzing, and R. Carle ( 2004) Identification of betalains from petioles of differently colored Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla [L]. Alef. Cv. Bright lights) by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 2975-2981.
Larson, R. A. ( 1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27(4): 969-978.
Lu, S. G. (1985) Zhong Zheng Dictionary. Agriculture Crops. P.15. The Commercial Press, Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
Mitscher, L. A., H. Telikepalli, E. McGhee, and D. M. Shankel (1996) Natural antimutagenic agents. Mutati. Res. 350(1): 142-143
Murthy K. N. C. and S. Manchali (2012) Anti-diabetic Potentials of Red beet pigments and other constituents. Red Beet Biotech. p.p.155- 174.
Ninfali, P. and M. Bacchiocca (2003) Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of vegetables under fresh and frozen conditions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 2222-2226.
Owen, R. W., A. Giacosa, W. E. Hull, R. Haubner, B. Spiegelhalder, and H. Bartsch (2000) The antioxidant/anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil. Eur. J. Cancer. 36(10): 1235-1247.
Ozlem, S. and Y. Refiye (2010) Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of chard ( Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla ). Food Chem.Toxicol. 48: 1275-1280.
Paolino, N. and A. Donato (2013) Nutritional and functional potential of Beta vulgaris cicla and rubua. Contents lists available at science ditrct. Fitoterapia 89: 188-199.
Perimal, E. K., M. N. Akhtar, A. S. Mohamad, M. H. Khalid, O. H. Ming, S. Khalid, L. M. Tatt, M. N. Kamaldin, Z. A. Zakaria, and D. A. Israf (2011) Zerumbone-induced antinociception: involvement of the L-arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP–PKC-K+ATP channel pathways. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 108(3): 155-62.
Pyo, Y., T. Lee, L. Logendra, and R. T. Rosen ( 2004) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Swsiss chard (Beta vulgaris subspecies cycla) extracts. Food Chem. 85: 19-26.
Rauha, J. P. (2000) Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plantextracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 56:3-12.
Ringman. J. M., S. A. Frautschy, G. M. Cole, D. L. Masterman, and J. L. Cummings (2005) A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2 (2): 131-136.
Rout, K. K., S. K. Mishra, and J. Sherma (2009) Development and validation of an HPTLC method for analysis of zerumbone, the anticancer marker from Zingiber zerumbet. Acta Chromatogr. 21(3): 443-452.
Sala, A., M. D. Recio, R. M. Giner, S. Manez, H. Tournier, G. Schinella, and J. L. Rios ( 2002) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Helichrysum italicum. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54(3): 365-371.
Sampson, L., E. Rimm, P. C. H. Hollman, J. H. M. Vries, and M. B. Katan (2002) Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals. J. American Dietetic Assoc.102: 1413-1420.
Sepúlveda-Jiménez, G., P. Rueda-Benítez, H. Porta, and M. Rocha-Sosa (2004) Betacyanin synthesis in red beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves induced by wounding and bacterial infiltration is preceded by an oxidative burst. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 4: 125-133.
Shukla, P. K., V. K. Khanna, M. M. Ali, M. Y. Khan, and R. C. Srimal, (2008) Anti-ischemic effect of curcumin in rat brain. Neurochem. Res. 33(6): 1036-1043.
Shukla, S., J. MehtaJohn, S. Sing, P. Mehta, and S. P. Vyas (2009) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47: 1848-1851.
Siervo, M., J. Lara, and I. Ogbonmwan (2013) Inorganic nitrate and beetroot juice supplementation reduces blood pressure in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Nutr. U.S.A. 143(6): 818-826.
Leicach S. R., and D. C. Hugo (2014) Chapter 9 - Plant secondary metabolites: structure-activity relationships in human health prevention and treatment of common diseases. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 42: 267-304.
Stintzing, F.C. and R. Carle (2004) Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15: 19-38.
Strack, D., T. Vogy, and W. Schliemann (2003) Recent advances in betalain research. Phytochemistry 62: 247-269.
Stintzing, F.C. and R. Carle (2006) Cactus fruits-more than colour. Fruit Processing 16:166-171.
Tang, W. T. (1977) Arrowroot. Agronomy. p.405-410. Da Tong Bookstore, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.
Thomas-Eapen, N. E. (2009) Turmeric : The intriguing yellow spice with medicinal properties. Explore-NY. 5(2): 114-115.
Um, Y., S. Cho, H. B. Woo, Y. K. Kim, H. Kim, and J. Han (2009) Synthesis of curcumin mimics with multidrug resistance reversal activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16(7): 3608-3615.
Vali L., E. Stefanovits-Banyai, K. Szentmihalyi, H. Febel, E. Sardi, and A. Lugasi (2007) Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion. Nutrition 23: 172-178.
Velioglu, Y. S., G. Mazza, L. Gao, and B. D. Oomah (1998) Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(10): 4113-4117.
Verma, A. R., M. Vijayakumar, C. S. Mathela, and C.V. Rao (2009) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of different fractions of Moring oleifera leaves. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47: 2196-2201.
Vinson, J. A., Y., Hao, W. Su, and L. Zubik (1998) Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in fods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 3630-3634.
Webb, A. J., N. Patel and S. Loukogeorgakis (2008) Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite[J]. Hypertension 51(3): 784-790.
Yang, J. H., H. C. Lin, and J. L. Mau (2002) Antioxidant properties of several commercial mushrooms. Food Chem. 77: 229-235.
Yen, G. C. and C. L. Hsieh (1998) Antioxidant activity of extracts from Du-zhone (Eucommia ulmoides) toward various lipid peroxidation model in vitro. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46:3952-3957.
Yizhong C., L. Qiong, S. Mei, and C. Harold, (2004) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci. 17: 2157-2184.
Yob, N. J., S. M. Jofrry, M. M. R. M. M., Affandi, L. K. Teh, M. Z. Salleh, and Z. A. Zakaria ( 2011) Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A review of its ethnomedicinal chemical, and pharmacological uses. Evidence-based complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011: 543216.
Zhang S., Q. Liu , Y. Liu, H. Qiao, and Y. Liu (2012) Zerumbone a southeast asian ginger sesquiterpene, iInduced apoptosis of pancreatic carcinoma cells through p53 Signaling Pathway. Evid-Based Compl. Alt. 2012: 936030.
Zhishen, J., T. Mengcheng, and W. Jianming (1999) The determination of flavonoid contents of mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64: 555-559.