本論文的作者試圖了解為何加拿大對於亞洲崛起之勢的發展如此反應緩慢，與及尋找方法可以克服加拿大之所缺乏的對亞洲的認識和競爭力。針對此問題有許多解釋和補救辦法，但仍缺乏能幫助改變政策的引導。先前對於這方面的議題研究及調查並沒有找到成功解決問題的做法。同時也缺乏以理論方法出發的批判分析。筆者使用建構主義的框架對於此主題做探討、塑造研究方向，並解釋其結果。所有文獻源自於政府及政策機構之報告、學術期刊及新聞出處並採用建構主義的框架。教育的匱乏阻礙了進步，而其補救措施為加拿大的教育必須向亞洲轉移。教育的軟實力具有建立更良好的公共論述之潛力。假如軟實力經由全方位的公共贊助做適當地培養，即會造成相互的吸引力，不僅互動增加，並且賦予共同身份的形成。由於中國是亞洲地區最具影響力的成員國，本研究主要集中於加拿大與中華人民共和國間的密切關係。雖然背負著極大的爭議，孔子學院在本研究論文顯出它是有可能有效地鞏固加拿大在未來「亞洲世紀」中的地位 。

The researcher set out to understand why Canada has been slow to move on the rise of Asia, and to uncover the best course of action for overcoming the country’s Asia competence deficiency. Much has been offered by way of explanations and remedies, but the field of interest is devoid of a comprehensive synthesis of this information for use in effecting policy change. Prior study of this issue area has failed to cut through the web of factors to the core of both the problem, and solution. It also lacks critical analysis from a theoretical approach. The author’s exploration of this topic was conducted using a constructivist framework, allowing it to shape the direction of the research, and interpret its results. All material, sourced from government and policy institute reports, academic journals, and news outlets, passed through this lens. It was made clear that education lies at the heart of what prevents progress, and what must be utilized to create a Canadian shift to Asia. Education’s soft power holds the potential to establish a higher form of public discourse. If this soft power is cultivated properly through cohesive public sponsorship, a two-way flow of attraction will result, increasing interaction, and enabling the formation of a shared identity. As China is the most influential member of the Asian region, this study focused on drawing closer ties between Canada and the PRC. While they are saddled with a great deal of inhibitive controversy, Confucius Institutes come to the fore of this researcher’s work as powerful tools for initiating a deep and lasting pivot in the direction of securing Canada’s place in the coming “Asian century.”

Thesis Verification Letter ……………………………………………………...…… i
Thesis Authorization Form …………………………………………………………
Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………. ii
摘要 ………………………………………………………………………………….. iii
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………... iv
Chapter 1 – Introduction …………………………………………………………… 1
Section 1.1 - Soft Power …………………………………………………. 2
Section 1.2 – Constructivism…………………………………………….. 3
Section 1.3 - Public Diplomacy-International Education-
Soft Power………………………………………………… 8
Section 1.4 - Methodology………………………………………………. 12
Section 1.4.1 - Boundaries/Challenges of the Study…………………... 12
Section 1.4.2 - Strengths/Value of the Study…………………………... 18

Chapter 2 - Asia’s Rise-China’s Rise……………………………………………… 22
Section 2.1 - Introduction………………………………………………. 22
Section 2.2 - Military……………………………………………………. 25
Section 2.3 - Economics…………………………………………………. 32
Section 2.3.1 - Growth……………………………………………….….. 33
Section 2.3.2 - Investment………………………………………………. 34
Section 2.3.3 - Trade/Trade Agreements………………………………. 36
Section 2.4 - Population…………………………………………………. 38
Section 2.4.1 - Urbanization…………………………………………….. 39
Section 2.4.2 - Youth Bulge……………………………………………... 39
Section 2.4.3 - Middle Class Rise……………………………………….. 40
Section 2.5 - Energy Use………………………………………………… 42
Section 2.6 - Technology and Innovation………………………………. 43
Section 2.6.1 - E and M Commerce…………………………………….. 44
Section 2.7 - Education………………………………………………….. 45
Section 2.8 - Confucius Institutes………………………………………. 47
Section 2.9 - Conclusion………………………………………………… 49

Chapter 3 - The Reasons for Canada to Act……………………………………… 52
Section 3.1 - Introduction……………………………………………….. 52
Section 3.2 - Economics…………………………………………………. 58
Section 3.3 - Energy……………………………………………………... 59
Section 3.4 - Middle Power Position and Integration…………………. 60
Section 3.5 - Environment………………………………………………. 62
Section 3.6 - Trade………………………………………………………. 65
Section 3.7 - Trade and Investment Agreements……………………… 67
Section 3.8 - Taking Advantage of a Middle Class Lifestyle…………. 69
Section 3.9 - Infrastructure and R&D…………………………………. 72
Section 3.10 – Education…………………………………………………74
Section 3.10.1 - Incoming Students…………………………………….. 74
Section 3.10.2 - Outgoing Students…………………………………….. 77
Section 3.10.3 - Language and Cultural Studies………………………. 81
Section 3.11 - Confucius Institutes……………………………………... 85
Section 3.12 - Conclusion……………………………………………….. 89

Chapter 4 - What is Preventing Progress and
What Canada’s Competitors are Doing…………………………... 92
Section 4.1 - Introduction……………………………………………….. 92
Section 4.2 - Perception…………………………………………………. 95
Section 4.2.1 - Perception of Investment/Trade/Business…………….. 99
Section 4.2.2 - Perception of Political Values………………………….. 102
Section 4.2.3 - Perception of Economy…………………………………. 106
Section 4.2.4 - Perception of Threat……………………………………. 112
Section 4.3 - Education in Canada……………………………………... 112
Section 4.3.1 - The Attractiveness of a Canadian Education…………. 116
Section 4.3.2 - Getting Canadian Students to Go International……… 118
Section 4.3.3 - Asia Education Programs and Initiatives……………... 119
Section 4.4 - Confucius Institutes………………………………………. 124
Section 4.5 - Conclusion…………………………………………………. 141

Chapter 5 - What Should Be Done……………………………………………….. 143
Section 5.1 - A Change in Perspective………………………………….. 143
Section 5.2 - Lending a Hand Resolving Problems……………………. 147
Section 5.3 - Innovation in Trade and Business Promotion…………... 149
Section 5.4 - Dealing with the Professional Competence Deficit……… 152
Section 5.5 - Opportunities for Youth………………………………….. 154
Section 5.6 - Asia Education in Canada………………………………... 157
Section 5.7 - International Student Flows……………………………… 160
Section 5.8 - Conclusion…………………………………………………. 163

Chapter 6 - Conclusions…………………………………………………………... 165
Section 6.1 - Soft Power and CIs………………………………………... 165
Section 6.2 - Promotion of Language…………………………………… 169
Section 6.3 - Final Remarks……………………………………………... 172

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………...... 177

Bibliography


“2011 UBC China Census.” Vancouver: University of British Columbia - Institute of Asian Research 8 (January 23. 2012). http://www.iar.ubc.ca/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=59Kcv2HjUZw=&tabid=618.

“2015 National Opinion Poll: Canadians Views on Asian Investment.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (June 1, 2015). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/national_opinion_poll_2015_final_pages_0.pdf.

“About Confucius Institute/ClassRoom.” Beijing: HanBan (Accessed January 3, 2016). http://english.hanban.org/node_10971.htm.

“About Us.” Beijing: Hanban (Accessed March 3, 2016). http://english.hanban.org/node_7719.htm.

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. “China - At a Glance.” Government of Canada (February 2, 2016)). http://www5.agr. gc.ca/resources/prod/Internet-Internet/MISB-DGSIM/ ATS-SEA/PDF/5162.pdf.

Albert, Eleanor and Beina Xu. “China’s Environmental Crisis.” New York: Council on Foreign Relations (January 18, 2016). http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608.

“Alberta Firm Selling Fresh Canadian Air in Canisters.” CBC News (December 10, 2015). http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/alberta-firm-selling-fresh-canadian-air-in-canisters-1.3359236.

“Albertan’s Views on China.” Edmonton: University of Alberta - China Institute (October 2013). http://www.china.ualberta.ca/en/Research-and-Publications/alberta-survey/~/media/China Institute/Documents/Publication/ChinaInstituteSurvey2013-FinalRelease.pdf.

Allen, Nathan. “Keeping Rising Asia at a Distance: Canadian Attitudes Toward Trade Agreements with Asian Countries.” International Journal 70, no. 2 (2015): 286-308

Alphonso, Caroline and Karen Howlett. “Beijing-Backed Toronto School Program Comes under Fire.” The Globe and Mail (June 11. 2014). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/education/beijing-backed-toronto-school-program-under-fire/article19131929/.

Amirbek, Aidarbek and Kanat Ydyrys. “Education as a Soft Power Instrument of Foreign Policy.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 143 (2014): 501-503. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.423.

Ammassari-teule, Martine and Claudio Castellano. “A World of Learning - Canada’s Performance and Potential in International Education 2015.” Ottawa: The Canadian Bureau for International Education. Vol. 11 (November 24. 2015). http://cbie-bcei.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-World-of-Learning-2015.pdf. ISBN: 978-1-894129-81-7.

Anderson, Bruce. “The Canada-China Relationship.” Ottawa: Abacus Data (January 20, 2016). http://abacusdata.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Abacus-China_Canada-2016-01-EN2-1.pdf.

“Australia in the Asian Century: White Paper.” Australian Government (October 28, 2012). http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/2013/docs/australia_in_the_asian_century_white_paper.pdf. ISBN 978-1-921739-93-4.

Barton, Dominic. “Building a Stronger Canada-Asia Relationship Through Two-Way Educational Links.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (March 19. 2014). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/researchreport_dominic_barton_-_final.pdf.

BC News. “Alberta’s Growing Debt Behind Credit Downgrade, Moody’s Says.” CBC News (April 25, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-s-growing-debt-behind-credit-rating-downgrade-moody-s-says-1.3552503.

“Beijing’s Propaganda Lessons.” The Wall Street Journal (August 7, 2014). http://www.wsj.com/articles/beijings-propaganda-lessons-1407430440.

“Beijing’s Smog ‘Red Alert’ Enters Third Day As Toxic Haze SHrouds City.” The Guardian (December 21, 2015). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/21/beijings-smog-red-alert-enters-third-day-as-toxic-haze-shrouds-city.

Bergsten, C.F., M. Noland and J.J. Schott. “The Free Trade Area Of The Asia-Pacific: A Constructive Approach To Multilateralizing Asian Regionalism.” ADBI Working Paper Series no. 336. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. December 2011. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156191/adbi-wp336.pdf.

Bhattacharyay, Biswa N. “Estimating Demand for Infrastructure in Energy. Transport. Telecommunications. Water and Sanitation in Asia and the Pacific: 2010-2020.” ADBI Working Paper Series no. 248. Chiyoda-ku: Asia Development Bank Institute (September 2010). http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156103/adbi-wp248.pdf.
Blanchard, J. F. and L. Fujia. “Thinking Hard about Soft Power: A Review and Critique of the Literature on China and Soft Power.” Asian Perspective 36, no. 4 (2012): 565–89.

Bremmer, Ian. “The 4 Major Geopolitical Challenges Investors Must Face.” Institutional Investor (November 3. 2014). http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/3396496/asset-management-macro/the-4-major-geopolitical-challenges-investors-must-face.html?ArticleId=3396496&p=3#/.Vsf7MGRkOrU.

“Building Blocks For a Canada-Asia Strategy.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (January 28, 2016). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/asia-strategy-report-eng.pdf.

Buzan, Barry. “China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise’ Possible?” Chinese Journal of International Politics 3, no.1 (2010): 5–36.

Byrne, Caitlin and Rebecca Hall. “International Education as Public Diplomacy.” International Education Association of Australia 3 (2014):419-428. http://www.ieaa.org.au/documents/item/258.

Byrne, Caitlin and Rebecca Hall. “Realising Australia’s International Education as Public Diplomacy.” The Australian Journal of International Affairs 64, no. 4 (2013).

“Canada’s Asia Challenge: Creating Competence for the Next Generation of Canadians - Project of the National Conversation On Asia.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (November 2013). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/asia_competence_tf_-_final_revised_report.pdf.

“Canada’s International Education Strategy.” Government of Canada (January 15, 2014). http://international.gc.ca/global-markets-marches-mondiaux/assets/pdfs/overview-apercu-eng.pdf. ISBN: 9781100231105.

Catteneo, Claudia. “Why China’s Mood is Souring on Canada’s Oil Patch.” National Post (July 10, 2016). http://business.financialpost.com/news/energy/why-chinas-mood-is-souring-on-canadas-oil-patch.

Chan, Wendy. “News Media Representations of Immigrants in the Canadian Criminal Justice System.” Vancouver: The Metropolis Project - Working Paper Series. no. 13 (2013). http://www.mbc.metropolis.net/assets/uploads/files/wp/2013/WP13-03.pdf.

Chandran, Nyshka. “Alibaba Busts Singles Day Record.” CNBC (November 11, 2015). http://www.cnbc.com/2015/11/10/alibaba-handles-1-billion-in-8-minutes-of-sales-through-alipay-on-singles-day.html.
Chen, Yougang, Jeongmin Seong and Jonathan Woetzel. “China’s Rising Internet Wave: Wired Companies.” McKinsey & Company (January 2015). http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/chinas-rising-internet-wave-wired-companies.

“China International Energy Data and Analysis.” Washington: U.S. Energy Information Administration.Vol. 2015 (May 14, 2015). http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/China/china.pdf.

“China Investment Corp. Shifts Investment Focus from Canada to U.S.” CBC News (December 31, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/cic-toronto-new-york-1.3386161.

China Learning Initiatives. “Asia Society’s Confucius Classrooms Network.” Asia Society. (Accessed February 27, 2016). http://asiasociety.org/china-learning-initiatives/asia-society-confucius-classrooms-network.

“China National Human Development Report 2013 - Sustainable and Liveable Cities: Toward Ecological Civilization.” UNDP China & Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (Accessed January 28, 2016). http://www.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH_2013 NHDR_EN.pdf.

“China’s Maritime Disputes.” Council on Foreign Relations (Accessed February 29, 2016). http://www.cfr.org/asia-and-pacific/chinas-maritime-disputes/p31345#!/p31345.

“Clear the Air On China’s Spy Claim: Editorial.” The Toronto Star (February 5, 2016). http://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/2016/02/01/clear-the-air-on-chinas-spy-claim-editorial.html.

“Confucius Institute: Promoting Language, Culture and Friendliness.” Xinhua News Agency (October 2, 2006). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/02/content_5521722.htm.

Confucius Institute Headquarters. “About Us.” Beijing: Hanban (Accessed March 3, 2016). http://english.hanban.org/node_7716.htm.

Courmont, B. “What Implications for Chinese Soft Power: Charm Offensive or New Hegemony?” Pacific Focus 28, no. 3 (2013): 343–64.

Cross-Curriculum-Priorities. “Overview.” Australian Curriculum (Accessed February 26, 2016). http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/crosscurriculumpriorities/asia-and-australia-s-engagement-with-asia/overview.
Cull, N. Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past. CPD Perspectives Los Angeles: Figueroa Press (2009).

David Leask. “Analysis: The Soft Power of Language Learning.” Herald Scotland (January 3. 2015). http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13195635.Analysis__the_soft_power_of_language_learning/.

Dobson, Wendy and Paul Evans. “Living With Global China: Agenda 2016.” In Moving Forward: Issues in Canada-China Relations. 1st ed. Toronto: Asian Institute at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto and China Open Research Network at the Department of Political Science University of Toronto (2016). doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000066.

Dobson, Wendy and Paul Evans. “The Future of Canada’s Relationship with China.” 1st ed. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy (2015). http://irpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/policy-horizons-2015-11-17.pdf.

Dou, Eva. “Great Firewall Necessary to Keep Out Western Propaganda. Chinese Newspaper Says - China Real Time Report - WSJ.” The Wall Street Journal (April 11, 2016). http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/04/11/great-firewall-necessary-to-keep-out-western-propaganda-chinese-newspaper-says/.

“E-commerce in China: Driving a New Consumer Culture.” Helsinki: KPMG International 15 (January 2014). https://www.kpmg.com/CN/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Newsletters/China-360/Documents/China-360-Issue15-201401-E-commerce-in-China.pdf.

Education.” Auckland: Asia New Zealand Foundation (Accessed March 27, 2016). http://www.asianz.org.nz/about-us/our-programmes/education.

“Education in Canada-Asia Relations.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (December 2012). http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/points_of_view_asia-pacific_-_education_in_canada-asia_relations.pdf.

Evans, Paul. “Engaging China: Myth. Aspiration. and Strategy in Canadian Policy from Trudeau to Harper.” Toronto: University of Toronto Press (2014).

Fischer, Karin. “Guidance directive 2012-06 exchange visitor program – Confucius Institutes.” The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 21. 2012). http://chronicle.com/article/State-Department- Directive/131934/.

Fitzpatrick, K. “Defining Strategic Publics in a Networked World: Public Diplomacy’s Challenge at Home and Abroad.” Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, no. 4 (2012): 420-440.

Ford, Matt. “Japan Curtails its Pacifist Past.” The Atlantic (September 19, 2015). http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/japan-pacifism-article-nine/406318/.

Friedman, George. “Chinese President Xi Jinping Just Made a Move that has ‘Tremendous Political Significance’.” Business Insider (April 30, 2016). http://www.businessinsider.com/xi-jinping-fighting-to-save-regime-2016-4.

Gil, Jeffrey. “China’s Cultural Projection : A Discussion of the Confucius Institutes.” China: An International Journal 13, no. 1 (2015): 200–226. http://muse.jhu.edu/article/578678/pdf.

Global Affairs Canada. “Canada-Korea Free Trade Agreement (CKFTA).” Government of Canada (November 4. 2015). http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/korea-coree/index.aspx?lang=eng.

“Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones. but Limited Harm to America’s Image.” Washington: Pew Research Center (September 14, 2014). http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/07/14/global-opposition-to-u-s-surveillance-and-drones-but-limited-harm-to-americas-image/.

Gordon, Stephen. “Don''t Fear the FIPA.” Maclean''s (September 17. 2014). http://www.macleans.ca/economy/economicanalysis/dont-fear-the-fipa/.

Hai, Mai Thanh. “Vietnamese Warships Make First-Ever Port Call to Philippines.” Thanh Nien News (November 25, 2014). http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/vietnamese-warships-make-firstever-port-call-to-philippines-34489.html.

Ikenberry, John G.. “The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?” Foreign Affairs 87, no.1 (2008): 23–37.

“IMF Downgrades Forecast for Canada’s Economy in 2016 and 2017 - Business - CBC News.” CBC News (April 12, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/imf-canada-forecast-1.3531869.

“IMF World Economic Outlook Database.” International Monetary Fund (Accessed March 13, 2016). https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/index.aspx.

Johnson, Tracy. “Saudi Oil Minister’s Message for High-Cost Crude Producers: ‘Get Out’ of Market.” CBC News (February 23, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/saudi-oil-minister-in-houston-1.3459539.

Kang, David C. China Rising: Peace. Power and Order in East Asia. New York: Columbia University Press (2007).

Keller, William W. and Thomas G. Rawski. “China’s Peaceful Rise: Road Map or Fantasy?” in China’s Rise and the Balance of Influence in Asia. Pittsburgh. PA: University of Pittsburgh Press (2007).

Keohane, Robert O. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1984).

“Key World Energy Statistics 2015.” Paris: International Energy Agency (November 30. 2015). doi:10.1787/9789264039537-en.

Kharas, Homi and Geoffrey Gertz. “The New Global Middle Class: A Cross-Over from West to East.” Washington: Wolfensohn Center for Development, Brookings (Accessed March 3, 2016). http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/3/china middle class kharas/03_china_middle_class_kharas.pdf.

Kurlantzick, Joshua. “Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World.” New Haven: Yale University Press (2007).

Kushner, Jacob. “Friday on View on HBO: Leaving China in Pursuit of the African Dream.” Vice News (April 22, 2016). https://news.vice.com/article/friday-on-vice-on-hbo-leaving-china-in-pursuit-of-the-african-dream.

“Labour and Social Trends in ASEAN 2010: Sustaining Recovery and Development through Decent Work.” Geneva: International Labour Organization (May 21. 2010). http://www.ilo.org/asia/whatwedo/publications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_127957/index.htm
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_127957.pdf.

Larter, David. “The U.S. Just Sent a Carrier Strike Group to Confront China.” Navy Times (March 4, 2016). http://www.navytimes.com/story/military/2016/03/03/stennis-strike-group-deployed-to-south-china-sea/81270736/.

Lasserre, Frédéric. “China and the Arctic: Threat or Cooperation Potential for Canada?” Toronto: Canadian International Council. China Papers No. 11 (2010). www.opencanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/China-and-the-Arctic-FredericLasserre.pdf.
Leaf, Paul J. “Learning From China’s Oil Rig Standoff With Vietnam.” The Diplomat (August 30, 2014). http://thediplomat.com/2014/08/learning-from-chinas-oil-rig-standoff-with-vietnam/.

Leung, Chi-Cheung and Hilary Du Cros. “Confucius Institutes: Multiple Reactions and Interactions.” China: An International Journal 12, no. 2 (2014). doi:10.1353/chn.2014.0020.

Liu, Juliana. “Hong Kong’s Missing Booksellers and ‘Banned’ Xi Jinping Book.” BBC News (February 4, 2016). http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-35480229.

Liu, Yandong. “Working together towards the sustainable development of Confucius Institutes.” Paper presented at the 5th Confucius Institute Conference, Beijing (December 10. 2010). http://english.hanban.org/article/2010-12/11/content_208128.htm.

“Longevity: Animals." Illustration. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. (Accessed March 8, 2016). http://global.britannica.com/science/life-span/images-videos/Longevity-of-selected-animals/147299.

Macdonald, William A. “Why We Should Walk With the Giants.” The Globe and Mail (March 26, 2016). http://www.pressreader.com/canada/the-globe-and-mail-metro-ontario-edition/20160326/282162175344871/textview.

Maj, Irvin Lim Fang Jau. “Dragon Dance: China’s Global Charm Offensive as Grand Strategies of Dalliance and Distraction.” Pointer: Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces 27, no. 3 (2001). http://www.mindef.gov.sg/safti/pointer/back/journals/2001/Vol27_3/3.htm.

Manning, Kimberley, Ens. “Pacific Imaginaries : Rebuilding Chinese Studies in Canada.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (March 15, 2012). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/researchreportv9.pdf.

Martina, M. and B. Blanchard. “Update 2 - China Says Defense Spending Pace to Slow. to Improve Intelligence.” CNBC (March 4, 2016). http://www.cnbc.com/2016/03/04/reuters-america-update-2-china-says-defence-spending-pace-to-slow-to-improve-intelligence.html.

McKinsey & Company. “Canada-China Relations: Keeping Up the Momentum.” Ottawa: Canadian Council of Chief Executives (June 2014). http://thebusinesscouncil.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/June-2014-Keeping-up-the-momentum-CCCE.pdf.

Montague, Zach. “The Chinese Language as a Soft Power Tool.” Kennedy School Review (September 10, 2015). http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/the-chinese-language-as-a-soft-power-tool/.

Moore, Michal C. “China. Russia and the waning demand for Canadian oil.” Alberta Oil (August 6, 2014). http://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2014/08/closing-gateway-asia/

Mulroney, David. Middle Power. Middle Kingdom: What Canada Needs To Know About China In The 21st Century. (Video posted by the University of Ottawa - Centre for International Policy Studies) (April 1. 2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IjghVGVXqY.

Mulroney, David. “Aſter 45 Years. It’s Time to Grow Up” in Moving Forward: Issues in Canada-China Relations. Toronto: Asian Institute at the Munk School of Global Affairs. University of Toronto and China Open Research Network at the Department of Political Science. University of Toronto (February 4, 2016): 112-117. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000066.

Murdoch, Lindsay. “China’s Maritime Push Rattles a Region.” The Sydney Morning Herald (May 16, 2014). http://www.smh.com.au/world/chinas-maritime-push-rattles-a-region-20140516-zrep2.html.

“National Opinion Poll: Canadian Views on Asia (2014).” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (June 10, 2014). https://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/national_opinion_poll_2014_final_0.pdf.

Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs (2004).

Nye, Joseph. “What China and Russia Don’t Get about Soft Power.” Foreign Policy (2013). http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/29/what-china-and-russia-dont-get-about-soft-power/.

Nye, Joseph. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books (1990).

“Oceans and Law of the Sea.” United Nations (Accessed March 10, 2016). http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm.

Oliver, Alex. “The Lowy Institute Poll 2015.” Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy. (Accessed March 7, 2016). http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/final_2015_lowy_institute_poll.pdf.

Ong, Lynette H. and James Flynn. “The Importance of Youth Engagement in Enhancing Canada-China Relations” in Moving Forward: Issues in Canada-China Relations. Toronto: Asian Institute at the Munk School of Global Affairs. University of Toronto and China Open Research Network at the Department of Political Science. University of Toronto (February 4, 2016): 92-101. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000066.

“Our Organisation | British Council.” Manchester: British Council (Accessed March 8, 2016). https://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation.

O’Neil, Peter. “Canada Must Get Serious about Its Relationship with China: Transition Document.” Vancouver Sun (September 30. 2015). http://www.vancouversun.com/news/canada+must+serious+about+relationship+with+china+transition+document/11407131/story.html

Pan, Su-Yan. “Confucius Institute Project: China’s Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power Projection.” Asian Education and Development Studies 2, no.1 (2013). doi:10.1108/20463161311297608.

Paradise, James. “Soft Power on the Defensive: The Contradictions of Chinese Foreign Policy.” University of Nottingham: China Policy Institute Blog (March 23, 2016). http://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2016/03/23/soft-power-on-the-defensive-the-contradictions-of-chinese-foreign-policy/.

Parameswaran, Prashanth. “Vietnam Launches Legal Challenge Against China’s South China Sea Claims.” The Diplomat (December 12, 2014). http://thediplomat.com/2014/12/vietnam-launches-legal-challenge-against-chinas-south-china-sea-claims/.

Paris, Roland. “Foreign Policy for the Future.” Canada 2020 (July 6. 2015). http://canada2020.ca/foreign-policy-for-the-future/.

Paris, Roland. “Transition Memos Show Foreign Ministry is Doing Its Job.” Centre for International Policy Studies: University of Ottawa (September 30. 2015). http://www.cips-cepi.ca/2015/09/30/transition-memos-show-a-foreign-ministry-doing-its-job/.

Paul, Lewis M., Gary F. Simons. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). “Ethnologue: Languages of the World.” 19th edition. Dallas: SIL International. (Accessed March 14, 2016). http://www.ethnologue.com.

Petricic, Saša. “Massive Layoffs Coming as China Confronts Its Overbuilt ‘Zombie Economy.’” CBC News (March 3, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china-zombie-economy-layoffs-petricic-1.3473002.

Potato Pro. n.d. “McCain Foods China-Harbin.” (Accessed October 9, 2015). http://www.potatopro.com/ companies/mccain-foods-china-harbin.

“Programs and Initiatives.” Toronto: Council of Ministers of Education - Canada (Accessed March 5, 2016). http://www.cmec.ca/148/Programs-and-Initiatives/International/Overview/index.html.

“Publications.” Canadian Asian Studies Association (Accessed May 13, 2016). http://www.casa-acea.ca/publications/.

Ren, Zhe. “Confucius Institute: China’s Soft Power.” Washington: The George Washington University: Sigur Center for Asian Studies (2010). http://www.risingpowersinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/policycommentary_jun2010_confuciusinstitute.pdf.

Reus-Smit, Christian. “Constructivism.” in Theories of International Relations (New York: Palgrave. 2001).

Riordan, S. “Dialogue-Based Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Policy Paradigm.” in J.Melissen(Ed) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2005).

Ruan, Lotus Yang and Karl Yan. “From Within: Improving Canadians’ Attitudes Towards China” in Moving Forward: Issues in Canada-China Relations. Toronto: Asian Institute at the Munk School of Global Affairs. University of Toronto and China Open Research Network at the Department of Political Science. University of Toronto (February 4, 2016): 102-111. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000066.

Rubin, Jeff. “The Future of Canada’s Oil Sands in a Decarbonizing Global Economy.” Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation. CIGI Papers no. 94 (March 2016). https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/paper_no.94_web.pdf.

Savchuk, Katia. “Forbes Billionaires: 198 Newcomers Join The Ranks. Mostly From China - Forbes.” Forbes. (March 1, 2016). http://www.forbes.com/sites/katiasavchuk/2016/03/01/198-newcomers-join-billionaire-ranks/#5fbc122d1491.

Savchuk, Katia. “Forbes’ 30th Annual World''s Billionaires Issue - Forbes.” Forbes (March 1, 2016). http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2016/03/01/forbes-30th-annual-worlds-billionaires-issue/#557e169271a8.

Schmidt, Heather. “China’s Confucius Institutes and the ‘Necessary White Body.’” Edmonton: Canadian Journal of Sociology 38, no. 4 (2013): 647–68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/canajsocicahican.38.4.647.pdf.

Snow, Nancy. “Valuing Personal Exchange in Public Diplomacy” in N. Snow & P. Taylor (Eds) Routledge Handbook on Public Diplomacy. New York: Routledge (2009): 233-247. ISBN 0-203-89152-X Master.

“Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2014.” Bangkok: United Nations: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Accessed February 29, 2016). http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/ESCAP-SYB2014.pdf.

Statistics Canada. “Immigration and Ethnocultural diversity in Canada.” Government of Canada (December 22, 2015). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm.

Stephens, Hugh. “Justin Trudeau and Canada-China Relations.” The Diplomat (January 1, 2016). http://thediplomat.com/2016/01/justin-trudeau-and-canada-china-relations/.

Studin, Irvin. “To Pull Off a Pivot to Asia. First Learn the Lingo.” Financial Times (August 27, 2013). https://next.ft.com/content/0f196480-0f13-11e3-ae66-00144feabdc0.

Sun, Kerry. “China-Australia Free Trade Agreement: Implications for Canada.” University of Alberta (Calgary): China Institute Occasional Paper Series 2, no. 1 (2015). https://era.library.ualberta.ca/downloads/9w032356b.

Supriyanto, Ristian A.. “Breaking the Silence: Indonesia Vs. China in the Natuna Islands.” The Diplomat (March 23, 2016). http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/breaking-the-silence-indonesia-vs-china-in-the-natuna-islands/.

“The Asia Factor.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (Accessed March 4, 2016). http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/af-2015_v9_final.pdf.

The Associated Press. “China Accuses Detained Canadian, Kevin Garratt, of Spying for Canadian Intelligence Agencies - British Columbia - CBC News.” CBC News (January 29, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/kevin-garratt-spying-china-canada-1.3424984

The Associated Press. “North Korea''s Ruling Party Plans 1st Congress in 36 Year.” CBC News (April 27, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/north-korea-party-congress-1.3554726.

The Associated Press. “OPEC Meeting: Oil-Rich Countries Say ‘More Time’ Needed before Freeze - Business - CBC News.” CBC News (April 17, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/opec-meeting-qatar-no-freeze-1.3539992.

The Canadian Press. “Japan Warns B.C. Risks ‘Missing the Chance’ to Export LNG to Asia as Review Drags on.” Montreal Gazette (March 21, 2016). http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/energy/japan+warns+risks+missing+chance+export+asia+review/11801765/story.html.

“The Constitution of Japan.” Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet (Accessed December 12, 2015).
http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html.

“The Mobile Economy: Asia Pacific 2015.” London: GSMA Intelligence (Accessed March 3, 2016). https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=fba9efc032061d5066b0eda769ad277f&download.

“The National Conversation on Asia: Inspiration, Initiatives & Legacy.” Vancouver: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada (October 2014). http://www.ppforum.ca/sites/default/files/The National Conversation on Asia.pdf.

“The U.S.-China Competition as Top Economic Power and Top Superpower.” Washington: Pew Research Center (June 22, 2015). http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/23/key-takeaways-on-how-the-world-views-the-u-s-and- china/ft_u-s-china/.

“Third High-Level Consultation on Education Collaboration between the Provinces and Territories of Canada and the Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China.” Toronto: Council of Ministers of Education - Canada (February 24. 2014). http://www.cmec.ca/docs/3HLC_Summary_of_discussions_EN.pdf.

Thomson Reuters. “Hong Kong Booksellers Reappear, Offer ‘Confession’ on Chinese TV.” CBC News (February 26, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hong-kong-booksellers-1.3468689

Thomson Reuters. “Tech Employees in China Work. Eat and Sleep at the Office.” CBC News (May 11, 2016). http://www.cbc.ca/news/multimedia/tech-employees-in-china-work-eat-and-sleep-at-the-office-1.3577352.

“Through a Border Darkly.” The Economist (April 16, 2014). http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21612234-relations-between-two-communist-neighbours-are-their-lowest-point-decades-through-border.

Tiezzi, Shannon. “Philippine FM: China’s 9-Dash Line a ‘Berlin Wall of the Sea’.” The Diplomat (December 3, 2016). http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/philippine-fm-chinas-9-dash-line-a-berlin-wall-of-the-sea/.

“Topical Issue: Potential Macroeconomic Implications of the Trans-Pacific Partnership” in Global Economic Prospects: Spillovers Amid Weak Growth. Washington: World Bank Group (January 2016). 218-255. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0675-9.

“Top Ten Internet Languages - World Internet Statistics.” Internet World Stats (November 30, 2015). http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm.

Tremblay, Karine (Translation ed. by: Olga Perfilieva). “Internationalization: Shaping Strategies in the National Context.” Moscow: International Organizations Research Journal 5, no. 3 (2010): 117. ISSN 1996-7845.

“Trillion-Dollar Growth Trends to 2020.” Bain and Company, Inc (2011). http://www.bain.com/Images/BAIN_BRIEF_8MacroTrends.pdf.

Vinayak, HV, Fraser Thompson and Oliver Tonby. “Understanding ASEAN: Seven things you need to know.” McKinsey Global Institute (May 2014). http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/understanding-asean-seven-things-you-need-to-know.

Volodzko, David. “China’s Confucius Institutes and the Soft War.” The Diplomat (July 8. 2015). http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/chinas-confucius-institutes-and-the-soft-war/.

Vu, Truong-Minh and Ngo Di Lan. “The Political Significance of American Lethal Weapons to Vietnam.” The Diplomat (October 7, 2014). http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/the-political-significance-of-american-lethal-weapons-to-vietnam/.

Walkom, Thomas. “Justin Trudeau’s Pipeline Gambit Could Salvage Energy East: Walkom.” The Toronto Star (January 31, 2016). http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2016/01/31/justin-trudeaus-pipeline-gambit-could-salvage-energy-east-walkom.html.

Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of international politics. New York: Random House (1979).

Watkins, Derek. “What China Has Been Building in the South China Sea.” New York Times (February 29, 2016). http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/30/world/asia/what-china-has-been-building-in-the-south-china-sea-2016.html?_r=0.

Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics” Cambridge University Press: International Organization 46, no. 02 (1992).

Wendt, Alexander. “Constructing International Politics” The MIT Press: International Security 20, no. 1 (1995): 71–81. doi:10.2307/2539217.

“What Works Series.” Asia Education Foundation (Accessed March 1, 2016). http://www.asiaeducation.edu.au/research-and-policy/what-works-series.

Will, Rachel. “China’s Stadium Diplomacy.” World Policy Institute (Accessed February 2, 2016). http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/summer2012/chinas-stadium-diplomacy.

“World Population 2015 Wallchart.” United Nations (Accessed March 27, 2016). http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=CHINA. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/World_Population_2015_Wallchart.pdf.

Yang, Jinsuk. “Representations of Immigrant Students in Canadian Print News Media : A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Critical Intersections in Education: An OISE/UT Students’ Journal 2 (2014): 27–43. file:///C:/Users/lhasa_000/Downloads/21358-54391-1-PB.pdf.

Zhou, Minglang. “Nation-State Building and Rising China: PRC’s Discourse on the Chinese Language Since the Turn of the 21st Century” in Contemporary Chinese Discourse and Social Practice in China. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company (2015): 58-80. https://books.google.com/books?id=zDqSCgAAQBAJ&pgis=1. DOI: 10.1075/scld.4.05zho.