臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究提出一種以積層製造(Additive Manufacturing, AM)的熔融沉積成型(Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM)技術為基礎，塑料為材料的新型佈料技術的影像監控成型品質方法。

該熔融沉積成型技術主要問題在於成型過程中尚未有良好的機制檢測成型過程中產生的缺陷，以至於成型品質難以掌控。因此，本研究提出一套以影像為基礎的檢測機制，在熔融沉積成型的過程中，透過影像系統監控熔融沉積成型機台的噴嘴，以及被擠出熔融狀的材料過程中之各項影像資訊，擠出塑料的高度與寬度可以經由處理過後的影像計算得到。

在擠出料頂面與側面灰階值差異度至少百分之四的情況下，本研究由實驗結果訂定出品質標準：間隔特定幀數影像之寬度的變化百分比在二十以內，或是高度的變化百分比在四十以內；同時，長期高度與寬度的變化百分比亦能維持在上述相同變化百分比以內，便能夠稱之為正常佈料的品質。系統可以從高度與寬度上的大幅變化得知是否有異常的狀況，並達成工件品質管控的目的。

This study proposes an image based inspection and monitoring system for a new type of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology using plastic material.

During the manufacturing process, the quality is difficult to control due to insufficient inspection methods to detect defects in the FDM processes. The quality of FDM products are difficult to be controlled. Therefore, this study proposes image-based detection mechanisms. During the process of FDM, the images of the nozzle is captured by the monitoring system. The height and the width information can be acquired by the images.

When the gray-scale value difference of adjacent surfaces of extruded material is at least four percent, a criterion can be established according to experimental result in this study. The extruded material meets the production standards when it satisfies the following conditions: the width and height variations of specific frame series should be under 20 percent and 40 percent respectively in both short and long term frame intervals, defined in this study. Monitoring systems can detect whether there are any abnormal circumstances by determining variations in both width and height from images.

目錄 I
圖目錄 IV
表目錄 VIII
摘要 9
Abstract 10
致謝 11
第1章 緒論 13
1.1 前言 13
1.2 研究動機與計畫書架構 14
第2章 文獻回顧 15
2.1 熔融沉積成型（FDM）製程簡介 16
2.2 熔融沉積成型缺陷生成 17
2.2.1 表面缺陷-起始/終點缺陷 17
2.2.2 內部缺陷 18
2.2.3 三維缺陷 21
2.3 塑料積層製造缺陷檢測方法 22
2.3.1 特徵分析方法 22
2.3.2 關聯值方法 25
2.4 金屬積層製造沉積高寬估測 26
2.5 影像分割 28
2.6 邊緣偵測 30
第3章 研究方法 32
3.1 輸入影像 33
3.2 辨識噴嘴 34
3.3 辨識擠出料頂面與側面 35
3.4 建立取樣點 36
3.5 量測擠出料尺寸 37
3.6 偵測熔融沉積成型佈料品質 40
3.7 判斷異常狀況 41
第4章 實驗結果與討論 42
4.1 熔融沉積成型實驗平台與材料 42
4.2 影像擷取系統 43
4.3 佈料品質偵測實驗 45
4.4 實驗架設 45
4.5 實驗結果 48
4.5.1 影像分割 48
4.5.2 計算擠出料寬度 55
4.5.3 同時計算擠出料厚度與寬度 57
4.6 結果與討論 63
4.6.1 影像對比度 65
4.6.2 品質量化條件 67
第5章 結論與未來展望 73
5.1 結論 73
5.2 未來展望 74
參考文獻 77

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