臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在有壓力的情境下運動表現往往會產生變化，然而人類產生許多行為，除了外在環境，內在的人格特質也會影響我們的情境反應，A型人格意指具有成就競爭取向、生氣與敵意、時間緊迫感三個特徵，此種人格特質者積極進取效率較高，但也特別容易感受到時間壓力。過去研究發現聽覺較具有時間知覺性，若提供聽覺不同方式的時間提示是否會影響運動表現？而人格特質的不同是否也會對此產生差異？本研究旨在探討A、B型人格的個體，在時間壓力下透過不同提示方式對運動表現的影響。本研究招募高中女生為實驗參與者，平均年齡16.2±0.9歲，先進行A、B型人格鑑定並平均分配，實驗工作為疊杯計時，實驗過程分別用讀秒、口語提示及不提供時間3種提示方式進行操弄，每組招募24人，共計72位實驗參與者。本研究操弄的自變項為兩種人格特質、三種不同時間提示方式，依變項為四次的成績秒數，以2 × 4混合設計二因子變異數分析進行考驗，並分別比較不同人格特質者在何種時間提示下對運動表現較有助益。結果顯示Ａ型人格特質者在第一次疊杯運動中表現較佳；若在有時間壓力的情境下，A型人格會因時間提示而產生退步。本研究歸結上述發現，人格特質的不同在運動表現上會有差異，而A型人格較不適合接受時間提示。

Performances of athletes make a difference in stressful situations, however not only internal personality traits affect our view of situation but also the external environment. Types-A Personality means people having competitive achievement orientation, anger and hostility, and feel time urgency, such personality traits are motivated and would be more efficient, but also easy to feel the time stress particularly, Type-B is the opposite. Previous studies have found that auditory with more time perceptual, will it affect athletic performance if providing auditory in different ways in time prompt? Different personality traits of whether this will be a difference? This research was designed to investigate the affections of Type-A and Type-B personalities under time stress prompted by the different methods on athletic performance. This research recruited high school girls to be participants, aged 16.2 ± 0.9 years, at first we makes personalities identification for Type-A, B, experimental work for sport stacking, the experiment respectively count the seconds, verbal prompt and not offer three kinds of time prompt manner manipulation, each recruit 24 people, total 72 participants. Manipulation of independent variables in this research of personality into two, three different time prompts, the dependent variable is the number of seconds score four times by mixed-designed two-way ANOVA: 2 × 4 to compare different personality respectively qualities are what time prompt for athletic performance are more helpful. The results showed that Type-A personality traits had better performance in the first time. If there is under time stress situations, Type-A personality would generate backwards because of prompts. This research attributed the above findings, different personality traits vary on athletic performance, Type-A personality is less suited to accept prompts.

口試委員與系主任簽字之論文通過簽名表 i
論文授權書 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
謝誌 v
目次 vi
表次 ix
圖次 x
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 問題背景 1
第二節 研究問題與假說 7
第三節 研究基本假定與限制 8
第四節 名詞解釋及操作型定義 8
第五節 研究重要性 10
第貳章 文獻探討 11
第一節 壓力情境下的表現 11
第二節 時間壓力與表現 17
第三節 人格特質 20
第四節 聽覺刺激與表現 22
第五節 競技疊杯運動 24
第六節 文獻小結 26
第參章 研究方法 27
第一節 實驗參與者 27
第二節 實驗設備與場地布置 28
第三節 實驗設計與流程 29
第四節 資料處理與統計分析 31
第肆章 結果與討論 33
第一節 人格特質、時間提示與運動表現 34
第二節 人格特質與運動表現 36
第三節 時間提示與運動表現 38
第伍章 結論與建議 41
第一節 結論 41
第二節 建議 41
參考文獻 43
附錄一 林一真中國人A型人格量表—時間緊迫感 55
附錄二 實驗參與者知情同意書暨家長同意書 56

尤志偉、溫卓謀、吳俊緯 (2005)。影片速度與技能水準對羽球運動員情境線索利用能力之影響。大專體育學術專刊，474-482。
尤菀薈、邱恩琦、林恭宏、林鋐與、薛漪平、謝清麟 (2005)。國小兒童注意力量表之再測一致性、隨機測量誤差與練習效應。職能治療學會雜誌，33(1)，25-44。
李雪峰 (2009)。淺談音樂在籃球比賽中的作用。湖北體育科技，28(2)，155-156。
林一真 (1990)。中國人A型量表之建構效度研究。測驗年刊，37，73-96。
林宜美、紀慧菁、Peper, E.、張娟鳳 (2014)。聚光燈下的鹿：壓力性頭腦空白症候群與心身反應之關係。高雄行為科學學刊，4，115-140。
林彥男、林建志、黃立婷、林耀豐 (2012)。不同刺激源對快速運動情境中反應時間的影響之探討。屏東教大體育，15，203-209。
林財吉、林耀豐 (2009)。不同注意力干擾訓練對罰球投籃準確性影響之研究。屏東教大運動科學學刊，5，95-105。
侯雅齡 (2013)。資優生科學自我概念與科學成就之縱貫研究。教育科學研究期刊，58(2)，57-90。
洪聰敏 (2004)。加強心智能力之運動科技—提升壓力下專注的神經回饋訓練。台灣運動心理學會會訊，23，10-15。
洪聰敏、洪巧菱、豐東洋、張育愷、高竟峰、羅麗娟 (2003)。不確定性的高低對桌球運動員與非運動員反應前注意力的影響。台灣運動心理學報，3，97-110。
洪聰敏、豐東洋 (2003)。運動員與非運動員訊息處理之研究。體育學報，35，117-126。
紀申基 (2010)。電腦遊戲教材的關卡時間壓力對學習者心流經驗之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺北科技大學。台北市。
馬啟偉、張力為 (1996)。體育運動心理學。台北市：東華書局。
張育愷、古博文、季力康、廖主民、卓俊伶、聶喬齡、盧俊宏、朱奕華、洪聰敏、劉淑燕 (譯) (2011)。健身運動心理學理論與實務的整合。台北市：禾楓書局。 (Lox, C. L., Ginis, K. A. M., & Petruzzello, S. J., 2010)
張春興 (1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
張碧之、吳昭容 (2009)。影響六年級學生立方體計數表現的因素—空間定位與視覺畫的角色。教育心理學報，41(1)，125-145。
張嚴仁 (1993)。太極拳訓練對A型行為傾向大專女性壓力心血管反應之影響。體育學報，15，295-302。
梁嘉音、卓俊伶 (2009)。情境壓力對籃球罰球投籃例行動作行為一致性與準確性的影響。台灣運動心理學報，14，1-18。
陳由平、季力康 (1997) 以大災難模型探討焦慮與籃球跳投表現的關係。體育學報，24，217-228。
彭文立、季力康 (2004)。以反轉理論探討優秀跳傘參與者刺激冒險尋求動機、覺醒、焦慮、情緒與跳傘表現之相關研究。大專體育學刊，6(1)，121-136。
彭郁芬、溫富雄、洪建智 (2013)。競技疊杯運動。淡江體育期刊，16，78-86。
黃文成 (2002)。田徑選手的表現：壓力來源與權力階級分析。台灣運動教育學報，7(1)，15-28。
黃崇儒、張志傑、許勝凱、洪聰敏 (2008)。個人最佳功能區域與狀態焦慮方向性、運動表現的關係。台灣運動心理學報，12，61-79。
黃淑貞 (2002)。優秀競技體操選手運動動機氣候、賽前狀態焦慮與運動表現之相關研究。大專體育學刊，4(1)，129-136。
黃嘉君、楊梓楣 (2008)。同步雙手多頻拍擊於視聽覺訊號之準確度與穩定性。體育學報，41(4)，57-68。
黃寶園、林世華 (2007)。人格特質與社會支持對壓力反應歷程影響之研究：結合統合分析與結構方程式模式二計量方法。教育心理學報，39(2)，263-294。
楊坤祥、陳錦龍、洪聰敏、豐東洋 (2001)。黃色與白色對反應時間和事件關聯電位之影響。體育學報，31，59-70。
楊濬恆、徐耀輝、張智惠 (2013)。壓力對焦慮與籃球罰球表現之影響。高師大體育，11，49-61。
溫卓謀、林清和 (1998)。不同年段與運動訓練有無之國小男童單純及選擇反應時間之比較研究。體育學報，12，185-192。
溫卓謀、林清和 (2000)。不同技能層次羽球運動員不同時間壓力擊球情境視覺注意力分配之比較。體育學報，28，213-222。
潘孝桂、陳錦龍、洪聰敏、豐東洋 (2001)。短跑選手與非運動員之聽覺選擇反應時間及事件關聯電位比較。體育學報，30，333-341。
蔡閔、賴世炯 (2010)。國民小學4-6年級羽球運動員之焦慮狀態與短發球表現之關係研究。台灣運動心理學報，17，1-15。
盧俊宏 (1994)。運動心理學。台北市：師大書苑。
簡耀輝、季力康、卓俊伶、洪聰敏、黃英哲、黃崇儒、廖主民、盧俊宏 (譯) (2002)。競技與健身運動心理學。台北市：台灣運動心理學會。 (Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D., 1999)
豐東洋、洪聰敏、張育愷 (2001)。焦慮對事件關連電位及反應時間影響之探討。台灣運動心理學報，1，99-119。
顏乃欣 (2005)。作業複雜度、作業不確定性及時間壓力對多線索機率學習作業的影響。教育及心理研究，28(1)，101-126。
羅鴻仁、謝振榮、蔡俊傑 (2011)。大專棒球運動員人格特質與學習壓力之相關性研究。運動休閒餐旅研究，6(1)，122-135。
嚴雅婷、劉有德 (2007)。姿勢穩定性與單手接球的關係。台灣運動心理學報，11，57-66。
蘇昭銘、林芝嶸、唐婉玲、朱玉英 (2008)。行人倒數計時器對汽機車駕駛人啟動行為之影響分析—以新竹市為例。都市交通半年刊，23(2)，1-12。
蘇韋丞、林耀豐 (2006)。不同反應形式與刺激-反應相容性對桌球接發球之反應時間和動作時間的影響，台灣運動心理學報，9，85-107。
Ahituv, N., Igbaria, M., & Stella, A. (1998). The effects of time pressure and completenesss of information on decision making. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(2), 153-172.
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality-a psychological interpretation. New York: Holt and Company.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Bahrke, M. S., & Morgan, W. P. (1978). Anxiety reduction following exercise and meditation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 323-333.
Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Chocking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610-620.
Benson, L., ＆ Beach, L., (1996). The effects of time constraints on the pre-choice screening of decision options. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(2), 222-228.
Ben-Zur, J., & Breznitz, S. I. (1981). The effect of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica, 47, 89-104.
Berger, B. G., & Owen, D. R. (1988). Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: swimming, body condition hatha yoga, and fencing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59, 148-159.
Bhanot, J. L., & Sidhu, L. S. (1979). Reaction time of Indian hockey players with preference to three levels of participation. Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 199-204.
Bortner, R. W. & Roseman, R. H. (1967). The measurement of pattern A behavior. Journal of Chronic Disease, 20, 525-533.
Bowers, K. S. (1973). Situationism in psychology: An analysis and a critique. Psychological Review, 80, 307-336.
Brownley, K. A., McMurray, R. G., & Hackney, A. C. (1995). Effect of music on physiological and affective response to graded treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runners. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 193-201.
Bunker, L., & Williams, J. M. (1986). Cognitive techniques for improving and building confidence. In J. M. William (Ed.), Applied sport psychology (pp. 235-255). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
Burnam, M. A., Pennebaker, J. W., & Glass, D. C. (1975). Time consciousness, achievement-striving, and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 76-79.
Cañal-Bruland, R., Pijpers, J. R., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2010). The influence of anxiety on action-specific perception. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23(3), 353-361.
Cannon, W. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and range. New York: Appleton.
Caplan, R. D., & Jones, K. W. (1975). Effects of working load, role ambiguity and Type A personality on anxiety, depression and heart rate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(6), 713-719.
Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. J. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science, 21(10), 1363-1368.
Cella, M., Dymond, S., Copper, A., & Turnbull, O. (2007). Effects of decision-phase time constraints on emotion-based learning in the Iowa Gambling Task. Brain and Cognition, 64, 164-169.
Chesney, M. A., & Roseman, R. H. (1980). Type A behaveor in the work-setting. In C. L. Cooper, & R. Payne. (Eds.), Current concerns in occupational stress (pp. 168-172). London: Wiley.
Dailey, R. C., Ickinger, W., & Coote, C. (1986). Personality and role variables as predictors of tension discharge rate in three samples. Human Relations, 39(11), 991-1004.
Daniel, M. (1981). The choke and what you can do about it. Scholastic Coach, 13, 75-79.
Davis, J. E., & Cox, R. H. (2002). Interpreting direction of anxiety within Hanin’s individual zone of optimal functioning. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 43-52.
DeDonno, M. A., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Perceived time pressure and the Iowa Gambling Task. Judgment and Decision Making, 3(8), 636-640.
DeVoe, S. E., & Pfeffer, J. (2011). Time is tight: How higher economic value of time increases feelings of time pressure. Journal of Applied Psychology. Advance online publication. Doi: 10.1037/a0022148.
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on the utilization and the organization of behaveor. Psychology Review, 66, 183-201.
Eboy, C. E., & Gyn, G. H. V. (1987). Type-A behavior pattern in varsity athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 73-81.
Eliakim, M., Meckel, Y., & Nemet, D. (2007). The effect of music during warm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite adolescent volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 321-325.
Filaire, E., Maso, F., Sagnol, M., Ferrand, C., & Lac, G. (2001). Anxiety, hormonal responses, and coping during a judo competition. Aggressive behavior, 27, 55-63.
Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R. H. (1974). Type A behavior and your heart. New York: Knopf.
Frost, T. F., & Wilson, H. G. (1983). Effect of locus of control and AB personality type on job satisfaction within the health care field. Psychological Report, 53(2), 399-405.
Gibbons, E., Hendrick, J. L., & Bauer, J. (2007). Distribution of practice on cup stacking performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78(1) , 46-47.
Hanin, Y. L. (1997). Emotions and athletic performance: individual zones of optimal functioning. European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, 1, 29-72.
Hans, S. (1936). A syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents. Nature, 138, 32.
Hans, S. (1976). Confusion and controversy in the stress field. Journal of Human Stress, 197, 37-44.
Hardy, L. & Parfitt, G. (1991). A catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 163-178.
Hardy, L. (1996). Testing the predictions of the Cusp catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 140-156.
Hart, M. A., & Bixby, W. R. (2005). Brain activation patterns during participation in cup stacking. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(1) , 57.
Hart, M. A., Smith L. A., & DeChant, A. (2004). Influence of participation in a cup stacking unit on hand-eye coordination. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75(1), 67.
Hollander, E. P. (1967). Principles and methods of social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Ivancevich, J. M., & Matteson, M. T. (1982). Occupational stress, type A behavior, and physical well-being. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 371-391.
Jordet, G., & Hartman, E. (2008). Avoidance motivation and choking under pressure in soccer penalty shootouts. Journal of Exercise Psychology, 30, 450-457.
Kelly, J. R., & McGrath, J. E. (1985). Effects of time limits and task types on task performance and interaction of four-person groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1342-1354.
Kerr, J. H. (1985). The experience of arousal: A new basis for studying arousal effects in sport. Joural of Sport Sciences, 3, 169-179.
Kerr, J. H. (1997). Motivation and emotion in sport: Reversal theory. East Sussex., United Kingdom: Psychology Press Ltd.
Landers, D. M., Wang, M. Q., & Courtet, P. (1985). Peripheral narrowing among experienced and inexperienced rifle shooters under low-and high-stress conditions. Research Quarterly, 56, 122-130.
Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (1975). Increasing productivity with decreasing time limits: A field replication of Parkinson’s Law. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 524-526.
Li, Y., Coleman, D., Ransdell, M., Coleman, L., & Irwin, C. (2011). Sport stacking activities in school children's motor skill development. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113(2), 431-438.
Lisa, O., & Benson, L. (1997). Decisions under time pressure: How time constraint affect risky decision marking. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 71, 121-140.
MaCaffrey, R. J., Duff, K., & Westervelt, H. J. (2000). Practitioner’s guide to evaluating change with neuropsychologyical assessment instruments. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Martens, R. (1987). Science, knowledge and sport psychology. Sport Psychologist, 1, 29-55.
Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (Eds.). (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
McDaniel, L. S. (1990). The effects of time pressure and audit program structure on audit performance. Journal of Accounting Research, 28, 267-285.
McGrath, J. E. (1970). Major methodological issues. In J. E. McGrath (Ed.), Social and psychological factors in stress (pp. 19-49). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Morgan, W. P. (1974). Selected psychology considerations in sport. Research Quarterly, 45, 324-339.
Mortimer, J., Krysztofiak, J., Custard, S., & McKune, A. J. (2011). Sport stacking in auditory and attention of grade 3 learners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 98-112.
Murgia, M., Sors, F., Vono, R., Muroni, A. F., Delitala, L., Corrado, D. D., & Agostini, T. (2012). Using auditory stimulation to enhance athletes’ strength. Review of Psychology, 19(1), 13-16.
Murray, S. R., Udermann, B. E., Reineke, D. M., & Battista, R. A. (2009). Energy expenditure of sport stacking. The Physical Educator, 66(4) , 180-185.
Nicholas, L. H., & John, M. H. (2002). Perception of stress and coping during preparation for the 1999 woman’s soccer world cup finals. The Sport Psychology, 16, 251-271.
Nideffer, R. (1976). Test of attention and interpersonal style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 394-404.
Nieuwenhuys, A., Pijpers, J. R., Oudejans, R. R. D., & Bakker, F. C. (2008). The Influence of anxiety on visual attention in climbing. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 171-185.
Oxendine, J. B. (1970). Emotional arousal and motor performance. Quest, 13, 23-32.
Peper, E., & Lin, I. M. (2012) Increase or decrease depression: How body postures influence your energy level. Biofeedback, 40(3), 125-130.
Powell, F. M., & Verner, J. P. (1982). Anxiety and performance relationships in first time parachutists. Journal of Sport Psychological, 4(2) , 184-188.
Priest, D. L., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2008). A qualitative investing into the characteristics and effects of music accompanying exercise. European Physical Education Review, 14(3) , 347-266.
Rendi, M., Szabo, A., & Szabo, T. (2008). Performance enhancement with music in rowing sprint. The Sport Psychologist, 22(2), 175-182.
Repp, B. H., & Penel, A. (2002). Auditory dominance in temporal processing: New evidence from synchronization wish simultaneous visual and auditory sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1085-1099.
Rothermund, K., Voss, A., & Wentura, D. (2008). Counter-regulation in affective attention biases: A basic mechanism that warrants flexibility in emotion and motivation. Emotion, 8(1), 34-46.
Rowe, P. J., & Evans, P. (1994). Ball color, eye color, and a reactive motor skill. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79, 671-674.
Sherwood, A., Light, K. C., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1989). Effect of aerobic exercise training on Hemodynamic response during psychosocial stress in normotensive and borderline hypertensive type A men: A prelim report. Psychosomatic Medicine, 51(2), 123-136.
Simpson, S. D., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2006). The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1095-1102.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3-22). New York: Academic Press.
Svenson, O., & Benson, L. (1993). Framing and time pressure in decision making. In O. Seven, & A. J. Maule (Eds.), Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision marking (pp.133-144). New York: Plenum Press.
Takashi, N., Kazuo, O., Michio, Y., Mami, K., Mitsuyoshi, M., & Nobuaki, T. (2003). Type A behavior pattern and sports injuries. Japanese Journal Physical Fitness and Medicine, 52(4), 359-367.
Uhrich, T. A., & Swalm, R. L. (2007). A pilot study of a possible effect from a motor task on reading performance. Percept and Motor Skills, 104, 1035-1041.
Undermann, B. E., Murry, S. R., Mayer, J. M., & Sagendorf, K. (2004). Influence of cup stacking on hand-eye coordination and reaction time of second-grade students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 409-411.
Walberg, H. J., & Tsai, S. L. (1983). Matthew effects in education. American Educational Research Journal, 20(3), 359-373. doi:10.2307/1162605.
Weinberg, R. S., & Hunt, V. V. (1976). The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance, and electromyography. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8(3), 219-224.
Whiting, J. W. M. (1981). Environmental constraints on infant care practices. In R. H. Munroe, R. L. Munroe, & B. B. Whiting. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural human development (pp. 155-180). New York: Garland.
Williams, R. B., Kuhn, C. M., Melosh, W., White, A. D., & Schanberg, S. M. (1982). Type A behavior and elevated physiological and neuroendocrine responses in cognitive tasks. Science, 218, 483-485.
Yamamoto, T., Ohkuwa, T., Itoh, H., Kitoh, M., Terasawa, J., Tsuda, T., et al. (2003). Effects of pre-exercise listening to slow and fast rhythm music on supramaximal cycle performance and selected metabolic variables. Archives of Psysiology and Biochemistry, 111(3), 211-214.
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology, 18, 459-482.
Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149, 269-274.