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研究生:馮仕安
研究生(外文):Feng, Shi-An
論文名稱:幾丁聚醣及幾丁寡醣對大白鼠血糖及血脂之研究
論文名稱(外文):Studies of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide on blood glucose and lipids in rats
指導教授:江孟燦江孟燦引用關係劉興華劉興華引用關係
指導教授(外文):江孟燦 Chiang, Meng-Tsan劉興華 Liu, Shing-Hwa
口試委員:江文章林璧鳳姚賢宗
口試委員(外文):江文章 Chiang, Wen-Chang林璧鳳 Lin, Bi-Fong姚賢宗 Yao, Hsien-Tsung
口試日期:2016-06-16
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱:食品科學系
學門:農業科學學門
學類:食品科學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2015
畢業學年度:104
語文別:中文
論文頁數:149
中文關鍵詞:幾丁聚醣幾丁寡糖糞便細菌酵素血漿三酸甘油酯
外文關鍵詞:chitosanchitosan oligosacharidefecal bacteria enzyme activityplasma triglyceride
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肥胖與糖尿病已成為全球性疾病,而台灣歷年的十大死因亦與此兩種代謝性疾病息息相關。至今,許多植物性或天然性化合物已成為改善代謝性疾病之候選保健食品。幾丁聚醣為葡萄糖胺構成之胺基多醣體,構造類似纖維素,但對於改善醣類及脂質代謝的能力皆優於纖維素,且會隨著分子量的大小及使用的時間長短有所差異,為了解幾丁聚醣及其衍生物對血糖及血脂的影響,大白鼠為實驗動物共分成兩個部分進行,第一部分在比較低分子量幾丁聚醣及幾丁寡醣對於醣類及脂質代謝的影響,第二部分則著重於探討比較長期與短期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血脂之研究,並觀察血醣及脂肪肝的改善情形。實驗皆以雄性 Sprague-Dawley (SD) 品系大白鼠進行,第一部分分成四組進行,分別為 (1) 正常飲食組 (normal control diet, NC). (2) 高脂飲食組 (high fat diet, HF). (3) 高脂飲食 + 5% 低分子量幾丁聚醣組 (High fat diet + 5% low molecular weight chitosan, HF+LC). (4) 高脂飲食 + 5% 幾丁寡醣組 (High fat diet + 5% chitosan oligosaccharide, HF+CO)。第一部分結果顯示,HF+LC 組在不影響攝食量的情況下能有效降低體重、肝臟重量 (包含降低肝臟脂肪含量及脂肪合成相關酵素 FAS 活性)、腎臟周圍脂肪組織重量、血漿 TC、Insulin、 TNF-α 濃度、Homa-IR 指標、糞便細菌酵素及小腸雙糖酶活性,增加糞便重量及糞便脂肪的排出量。HF+CO 組則是在不影響攝食量的情況下降低腎臟周圍脂肪組織重量、血漿 TG 濃度及糞便細菌酵素活性。第二部分則先分成長短期兩部分 (六週與十一週),各部分再分成五組,分別為 (1) 高脂飲食組 (Control diet, HF) (2) 高脂飲食 + 5% 幾丁聚醣組 (Control diet + 5% high molecular weight chitosan, CS) (3) 糖尿病 + 高脂飲食組 (Diabetes + Control diet, DM) (4) 糖尿病+高脂飲食+ Thiazolidinediones 組 (Diabetes + Control diet + 0.8mg/kg Thiazolidinediones, DM+TZD) (5) 糖尿病 + 高脂飲食 + 5% 幾丁聚醣組 (Diabetes + Control diet + 5% high molecular weight chitosan, DM+CS),短期 (六週) 結果顯示,CS 及 DM+CS 能在不影響攝食量的條件下,降低肝臟重量、腎臟周圍脂肪組織重量、LDL-C 濃度、ApoCIII 的蛋白表現量、肝臟中的脂肪含量、SREBP1c、PPARγ 的蛋白表現量及小腸 MTTP 蛋白質表現量,增加肝臟 pAMPK、PPARα、MTTP 的蛋白表現量、脂肪組織 HSL 活性及小腸 Angtl4 蛋白表現量,DM+CS 更能增加小腸的總長度、重量、降低血漿 Glucose、AST、TC 濃度及提升脂肪組織 LPL 的活性。長期的部分 (十一週) 結果則顯示,除了大部分結果與短期相符外,幾丁聚醣會能降低睪丸周圍脂肪組織重量、血漿 ALT、TNF-α、glucose、insulin 濃度、脂肪組織 LPL 活性,增加小腸重量、血漿 Angptl 4 表現量,DM+CS 更能降低血漿中 glucose、Homa-IR 指標。
綜合以上結果,在第一部分發現,餵食低分子量幾丁聚醣十週,對於改善胰島素抗性及增加脂質代謝能力有效,餵食幾丁寡醣十週,則是對於降低血漿三酸甘油脂有效,在糞便細菌酵素活性改善能力方面,幾丁寡醣及低分子量幾丁聚醣均是有效,而在第二部分發現,不管是 HF 或 DM 組餵食幾丁聚醣六周或十一週均會改善血脂及脂肪肝,但在餵食幾丁聚醣十一週後會降低 TNF-α 濃度,改善胰島素抗性,減少 insulin 分泌,提升血漿 Angptl 4 蛋白質表現量,進而抑制脂肪組織 LPL 活性,使血漿 TG 上升。

This study was designed to investigate the effects of chitosan and its derivatives on blood glucose and lipids in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as experiment animals. There are two experiments in this study. In the experiment I, rats are divided into four groups: (1) Normal control diet (NC). (2) High fat diet (HF). (3) High fat diet + 5% low molecular weight chitosan (HF+LC). (4) High fat diet + 5% chitosan oligosaccharide (HF+CO). The experimental was done for 10 weeks. Low molecular weight chitosan supplementation significantly decreased body weight, liver weight, perirenal fat weight, plasma total cholesterol, plasma VLDL-cholesterol + LDL-cholesterol concentration, intestinal disaccharide (maltase and latase) and fecal bacteria enzyme (beta-glucuronidase) activity; and elevated feces weight and the excretion of fecal lipid (TG and TC). Chitosan oligosaccharide supplementation decreased perirenal fat weight, plasma TG concentration and fecal bacteria enzyme (beta-glucuronidase and mucinase) activity. In the experiment II, rats are divided into long- and short term parts (six and eleven weeks), and each parts divided into five groups: (1) Control diet (HF) (2) Control diet + 5% high molecular weight chitosan (CS) (3) Diabetes + Control diet (DM) (4) Diabetes + Control diet + 0.8mg/kg Thiazolidinediones (DM+TZD) (5) Diabetes + Control diet + 5% high molecular weight chitosan (DM+CS). The short term part results showed that high molecular weight chitosan supplementation significantly decreased liver weight, perirenal fat weight, plasma LDL-C concentration, plasma ApoCIII protein expression, hepatic lipids (TC and TG), hepatic protein expression (SREBP1c and PPARγ) and intestinal MTTP protein expression; and elevated hepatic protein expression (pAMPK, PPARα and MTTP), HSL activities and intestinal Angptl 4 protein expression. Most of the long term part results showed the same to the short term part except for plasma TNF-α and insulin concentration. Results from the first study suggest that Low molecular weight chitosan supplementation may reduce plasma total cholesterol via reducing the absorption of diet lipid and increasing fecal lipid contain, and its can also play an important role to lower fecal bacteria enzyme activity and intestinal disaccharides activities. The second results displayed that the high molecular weight chitosan supplementation may up-regulate the lipid metabolism to improve fatty liver at no matter long- or short term but decrease insulin resistance to increase plasma TG concentration at long term.
詞彙縮寫表 1
壹、 前言 2
貳、 文獻整理 4
一、肥胖症 (obesity) 4
1. 肥胖症的現況與定義 4
2. 肥胖與脂肪組織之關聯性 6
3. 肥胖與脂肪激素 (adipokines) 7
二、糖尿病 10
1. 糖尿病簡介 10
2. 糖尿病的診斷及分類 11
3. 糖尿病對醣類代謝及脂質代謝之影響 13
三、脂肪肝 (Fatty liver) 14
1. 脂肪肝之定義 14
2. 非酒精性脂肪肝病的致病機轉 15
3. 肝臟 VLDL 之分泌 17
四、高脂飲食 20
1. 定義 20
2. 高膽固醇飲食對脂質代謝之影響 20
3. 脂質代謝相關酵素 22
4. 脂質代謝相關基因蛋白 24
五、幾丁質與幾丁聚醣 28
1. 幾丁質之來源與分佈 28
2. 幾丁質與幾丁聚醣之結構 28
3. 幾丁質與幾丁聚醣之特性 30
4. 幾丁聚醣之應用 30
5. 幾丁聚醣對於脂質代謝之影響 31
6. 幾丁寡醣 33
六、AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 之簡介 33
【第一章】高脂飲食中添加低分子量幾丁聚醣及幾丁寡醣對於大白鼠血醣、血脂及糞便細菌酵素活性之影響 35
壹、 實驗設計 36
1. 實驗動機 36
2. 實驗流程 36
貳、 實驗材料 38
1. 實驗動物 38
2. 實驗飼料 38
3. 幾丁聚醣 38
4. 實驗儀器 38
參、 實驗方法 40
1. 幾丁聚醣去乙醯度、黏度及平均分子量之測定 40
2. 動物分組 42
3. 動物飼養及樣品收集 42
4. 飼料配方 (表一) 43
5. 樣品分析 44
6. 統計分析 52
肆、 結果 53
伍、 討論 55
陸、 結論 58
【第二章】比較長期與短期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血糖、血脂與脂肪肝之研究 59
壹、 實驗設計 60
1. 實驗動機 60
2. 實驗流程 60
貳、 實驗材料 63
1. 實驗動物 63
2. 實驗飼料 63
3. 幾丁聚醣 63
4. 實驗儀器 64
參、 實驗方法 66
1. 幾丁聚醣去乙醯度、黏度及平均分子量之測定 66
2. 動物分組 66
3. 動物飼養及樣品收集 67
4. 飼料配方 (表二) 68
5. 樣品分析 69
6. 統計分析 76
肆、 結果 77
一、 短期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血糖、血脂與脂肪肝之研究 77
二、 長期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血糖、血脂與脂肪肝之研究 80
伍、 討論 83
一、 短期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血糖、血脂與脂肪肝之研究 83
二、 長期攝食幾丁聚醣對大白鼠血糖、血脂與脂肪肝之研究 87
陸、 結論 90
參考文獻 92


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